Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
The article presents the results of an assessment of the sequestering potential of intensive type gardens for the subsequent use of data f or the purpose of recommendations on their involvement in agroclimatic projects. To date, on the basis of the available modern theoretical knowledge, as well as high-precision laboratory and analytical equipment, leading scientists around the world are monitoring organic carbon. And certain results have been achieved in this direction. Analysis of research by foreign scientists shows that perennial plantings have great potential for providing regulatory ecosystem services, such as the possibility of mitigating the effects of impending climate change due to carbon uptake by perennial plantings and increasing the sustainability of the agricultural industry. There is no doubt that there is an urgent need for careful step-by-step monitoring of organic carbon. In this regard, decarbonization is of strategic importance for agro-industrial regions focused on the intensification of the industry. To digitally assess the carbon sequestering ability, it is necessary to use all possible parts of the tree that fix carbon: leaves, wood of the main trunk of trees and branches cut annually, soil organic matter, including carbon of microbial biomass, as well as final products fruits. This article presents materials that take into account the volume of fixed CO2 in the branches of trees subject to early spring pruning. Further development of agriculture in the republic may be associated with a large-scale transition of the crop industry, in general, and horticulture in particular to CCS-technologies (carbon capture and storage technologies). Such studies are designed to assist specialized professionals in making forecasts regarding the susceptibility of agricultural production to climate change in the future and indicate the available opportunities in overcoming emerging problems.
Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amuro-American origin; Zarif Eastern European origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.
Due to recent climatic changes a decrease in the amount of precipitation in the phenophase of berry growth and ripening, the issues of drought resistance of grapes, the selection of the most resistant varieties are relevant. The purpose of the work is to study the structural and functional changes of the leaves of various grape varieties under the influence of stressors of the summer period, to identify highly drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amuro-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. Differences in the hydration of leaf tissues and the content of photosynthetic pigments associated with the formation of a protective response to meteorological conditions in the summer of 2019-2021 were found. The following features was found in the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, identified as highly resistant to summer stresses: the smallest decrease in the water content of leaf tissues (1.3-2.3 %), in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 2.9 %); - a slight (by 7.4-9.1 cm2 ) decrease in leaf area, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 27.5-29.3 cm2 ); - the most stable content of the total chlorophylls during the summer growing season, a decrease in their content (by 0.22-0.36 mg/g wet weight) in in contrast to varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote, in which the decrease was 0.69-0.88 mg/g fresh weight; - the lowest values of chlorophylls/carotenoids are 2.0-2.8, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote - 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. The grape varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, proved to be highly drought-resistant for cultivation in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region and use in breeding.
Many years of experience in studying the winter hardiness of fruit trees and the analysis of literary sources indicate the difficulty of identifying forms resistant to low temperatures of the winter-spring period in the conditions of southern Russia. Prolonged autumn, constant temperature jumps in the winter-spring period and significant differences in the years of both average and minimum and maximum temperatures make it difficult to isolate plants adaptive to the stressors of this period. In winter, biochemical processes take place in the tissues of fruit trees, many of which are much more intense in the conditions of a warm southern winter than in the conditions of cold winters in more northern regions, and therefore, standards and parameters are needed to determine winter hardiness, acceptable specifically to the conditions of the south. The winter development and hardiness of fruit trees is determined to a very large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter, and to what extent these substances will turn into protective ones. All this makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of plants using physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological studies involving artificial climate cameras. In our work, the quantitative determination of starch in perennial branches and young shoots of sour cherries allowed us to reveal its dynamics during the annual cycle of plant development. Cherry varieties that showed excellent and good resistance to low temperatures had a greater number of starch grains. With the help of artificial freezing and the field method of research, it was possible to isolate the resistance of sour cherry varieties to each component of winter hardiness. The most resistant to the complex of winter stresses from the studied forms in the field conditions of Ust-Labinsk district, where low winter temperatures of up to -27 ºC are observed, according to the results of field experiments, freezing in special chambers and according to starch accumulation, were following clone Molodezhnaya, and cherry varieties Griot Timiryazevsky, Timiryazevskaya pozdnyaya.
The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.