Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced low�temperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.

Annotation

Evaluation of grape resistance to low negative temperatures is relevant in connection with the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. An important metabolite associated with resistance to low temperatures is ascorbic acid. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative study of grape varieties of different ecological and geographical origin in terms of the dynamics of ascorbic acid content in the autumn-winter period and to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures in terms of this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that during t he autumn-winter period in the buds of grapes there was an accumulation of ascorbic acid. Its greatest increase was noted in the varieties Dostoynyi and Krasnostop AZOS � 3.6 and 3.9 times, respectively, in other studied varieties, this increase was 1.2-2.9 times. After artificial freezing, the least damage of cell membranes, determined by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), was noted in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � an increase in the content by 1.09 times. The varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi were next in terms of resistance � an increase in the level of MDA by 1.15 and 1.36 times, respectively. In other studied varieties, identified as unstable, this increase was 2.2-2.93 times. In varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Dostoynyi after freezing, the content of AA increased � by 6.7-9.6%, i.e. ascorbic acid played the role of a low molecular weight antioxidant in suppressing the development of oxidative stress. According to the content and accumulation of ascorbic acid in the buds, the Krasnostop AZOS variety was identified out as the most resistant to extremely low temperatures. Next in terms of resistance were the varieties Dostoynyi, Kristall. The content of ascorbic acid in grape buds can be used as a diagnostic criterion in the selection of frost-resistant varieties for breeding purposes.

Annotation

Micropropagation is a promising direction for obtaining a healthy, genetically homogeneous grape planting material. The efficiency of reproduction is determined by many factors, including the acclimatization of plants to natural environmental conditions. The difficulty of transferring in vitro plants to non-sterile conditions is associated with a number of physiological and anatomical features of in vitro plants, among which the low level of photosynthetic processes is of particular importance. The influence of various concentrations of sucrose in the culture medium and additives, simulating environmental stresses on the rates of photosynthesis of grapes during acclimatization, was studied. The content of sucrose 10g/l in the culture medium was the most optimal for the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Both low and high sucrose content in the culture medium negatively affected the formation of pigments and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes. The introduction of PEG and NaCl into the nutrient medium led to a decrease in the total content of pigments, the quantum yield of photochemical reactions, but increased the expression of RUBISCO activase. The use of ABA as part of the culture medium had a positive effect on the formation of pigments in grape plants during acclimatization. The effects of weak stresses on the photosynthetic parameters of grapes in in vitro culture and during the acclimatization period are identical to the effects of drought and salinity under natural conditions. At the same time, these types of influence have a positive effect on adaptive �anti-stress� reactions that prevent plant damage under ex vitro conditions, which ultimately increases the level of growth processes and the yield of seedlings during micropropagation of grapes.

Annotation

This work presents the data on study results of two irrigation algorithms for Cabernet�Sauvignon grape variety in production conditions of the Livadia branch of FSUE PJSC Massandra in the South Coast of Crimea in 2019-2020. Experimental physiological algorithm provided for two water stresses to be carried out. The first short-term water stress was during the period of berry growth, t he second one � during the stage of berry ripening. The depth of water stress during the stage of berry growth in predawn values of water potentials in leaves was determined in the range of 0.5�0.55 MPa. The depth of water stress during the stage of berry ripening was in the range of �0.45��0.5 MPa. Crop load of plants in experimental version was determined as higher than normal � by 20 % compared to the optimal one. The control variant was a stress-free irrigation strategy against the background of optimal crop load. Basic tool to control water status of plants was a pressure chamber for measuring water potentials of leaves. Growing seasons of 2019-2020 were characterized by a significant rise of average monthly air temperatures compared to average long-term values and low annual precipitation amount: 357.0 and 410.6 mm, respectively. Such weather conditions have led to high evapotranspiration flow rate in grape plants. And yet, in the third decade of June, the plants of experimental variant experienced extreme water stress (�0.5��0.55 MPa). Ripening of grapes in stress variant of irrigation also took place with a moisture deficit. Average values of leave water potentials in predawn hours were �0.45-0.50 MPa. As a result of the research, it was found that stressful irrigation strategy against the background of an increased crop load, compared with a stress-free one and an optimal crop load, allowed an increase in the mass concentration of sugars by 1.5 g /cm3 , in the content of total phenolic substances by 28.3 % and coloring agents by 33.3 %.