Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
In the Southern region of Russia the degree of drought resistance of apple varieties has a great importance as the majority of them are cultivated in the irrigation free conditions. The work purpose is to study the water mode of apple varieties of various ploidy for identification of the most adapted varieties to abiotic factors of the summer period. The integrated approach on the basis of physiological, biochemical and anatomical-morphological analysis of leaves tissue of an apple-tree is applied to identification of adaptable mechanisms of stability. The comparative data about structure of a leaf sheet characterizing the physiological condition of plants during the summer period of 2011-2013 are received. The modern physiological and biochemical methods of research and also methods of light microscopy are used. The triploidy apple-tree varieties as Soyus and Rodnichok have the raised maintenance of the connected form of water, proline and potassium cations. It allows plants to support the rather high level of physiological processes during the summer period. It is established by the conducted research that triploidy apple varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok possess the best ability to adapt for a drought, than diploidic Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mak, Deyton varieties. On the basis of the data obtained in the years of different weather conditions it is revealed that the three ploidy apple-tree varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok have the cseromorfy traits of a leaf connected with drought resistance. It is possible to claim that triploidy apple-tree varieties of domestic breeding possess a big reserve of potential opportunities to adapt for a drought and a heat in comparison with the introduced diploidic varieties of foreign breeding. Local apple varieties, and three ploidy varieties more than diploidy varieties, possess the bigger ecological plasticity, that allow them to adapt better to extreme factors of the environment on the basis of physiological reactions changing.
The European grapes varieties making the main source of raw materials of our wine-making have a number of qualitative merits in the ready wines, but they also have the demerits in productivity and resistance under our climatic conditions of cultivation. For a laying of new plantings of white grapes varieties the old assortment is used, which in the extreme winters of 2005-2006 was heavy damaged. The purpose of our research is study of physical and chemical and biochemical composition of wine materials and wines from perspective grapes varieties. Their characteristic on the main estimated indicators will allow to create the whole series of new qualitative wines. The results of long-term study of new high-adaptive grapes varieties are presented in this article. The research is carried out at the Anapa's Experimental Zonal Station of Wine growing and Winemaking for the period from 2001 to 2013, the research allowed to reveal a number of perspective white technical varieties which are resistant to adverse ecological factors of environment and capable to give the high-quality wines. On the basis of organoleptic properties the wine materials from grapes Varvarovskiy, Zolotaya Osen, Bokator (7,85 points); AZOS Riesling (7,83 points); Arabushlo (7,8 points) and Aligote's control (7,78 points) were recognized as the best samples. On physical and chemical indicators all studied wine materials are corresponded to requirements of GOST. On total accumulation of biologically active agents the wine material from grapes of Mtsvane Kakhetinskiy (47,6 mg/dm3) was selected. Based on the results of the long-term research carried out by us the conclusion is made that the selected grapes varieties should be allowed for use in the industrial application and also for widely use in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and wine quality that will expand the borders of steady grapes production in the region.
Under of diversity of soil-climatic conditions the abiotic factors act as limiting and they destabilize the system of growth and development of plants in a fruit agricenoses. The role of adaptation reactions of varieties of fruit crops increases under these conditions. The main purpose of research was the study of dynamics of metabolites of apple-tree varieties of Idared, Prikubanskoye, Ligol varieties on CK4 rootstock under the conditions of different moisture of spring and summer period, including the double use of special fertilizers in combination with growth regulators. In article the analysis of change of weather conditions in May-August is given; dynamics of fractional composition of water is studied. Data on dynamics of carbohydrates and the content of organic acids and phenolic compounds are presented. Products of sugars oxidation are researched, realization of reproductive function of apple-tree plants is analysed. At this stage of research it was defined that Idared and Prikubanskoye apple-trees differed in the highest and stable content of free water in the leaves during the period from June to August and the raised content of phenolic compounds that promotes stabilization of regulatory functions of plants. Rather high level of synthetic reactions is revealed at apple-trees of Idared, Prikubanskoye and Ligol when determining the dynamics of protein content, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and organic acids. The responsiveness of apple-tree plants on leaves processings by water solutions of special fertilizers and regulators of growth is shown. On the basis of the data obtained in research the conclusion is made that the studied apple-tree varieties are suitable for creation of steady fruit agric cenosis under the conditions of the South of Russia.
Interest to phenolic substances of red wines is explained by their high biological activity, their participation in the regulation of various processes, and their high reactionary ability. These substances contain more quantity of natural antioxidants providing the prevention of many diseases and correcting the antioxidant status of person. It defines the high importance of red wines for people's food. As object of research we used the red grapes varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Saperavi, and also the varieties of new breeding growing in the various viticulture and wine-making zones of Krasnodar Region and the Republic of Crimea. It is carried out the comparative analysis of capacity of phenolic substances for use of products of grapes processing as the wine and concentrates (extracts) to enotherapy. The analysis of the data obtained in the research testifies about an essential difference in concentration of the majority of components of a phenolic complex of red table wines. Thus the different groups of polyphenols have the different types of biological activity. It was established that the red grapes varieties of Saperavi and Cabernet Sauvignon accumulate rather high number of phenolic substances, including anthocyan. Therefore the conclusion is: these grapes varieties can be used for production of wines for their subsequent use in the health resort complex. The grapes varieties of home breeding - Harmony, Krasnostop Anapa, Golubok - are capable to accumulate the bigger number of phenolic substances in comparison with the classic varieties. It allows to recommend these grapes varieties for production of red table wines for using at an enotherapy.