Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
To optimize the conditions of a slowly growing culture, of considerable interest is the study of the effectiveness of introducing the various growth inhibitors (osmotics, etc.) and cations, in particular calcium, into nutrient media. In this regard, the goal was to identify the effect of calcium and mannitol the physiological and biochemical parameters of large-leaved hydrangea in a slow-growing in vitro culture. The results of a study to optimize the cultivation of large-leaved hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) in a slow-growing in vitro culture are presented. We studied the effect of various concentrations of calcium (440-660-880 mg/L) under osmotic stress, which was modeled by the introduction of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L in a nutrient medium. The morphometric parameters of the plants were estimated as the height of the microshoots, the number of leaves on the microshoot, the number of internodes, the number of roots, the length of the roots, the relative electrical conductivity of the leaves, and the content of free proline. The results of the studies showed the possibility of non-stop preservation in culture in vitro for 4-8 months of microshoots and microplants of large-leaved hydrangea. The experiments revealed the ability of plants studied to reduce the kinetics of growth and maintain viability at elevated concentrations of calcium in the nutrient medium (CaCl2 660 and 880 mg/L). It is shown that the addition of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L to the nutrient medium caused a strong osmotic stress in hydrangea regenerant plants (with prolonged cultivation), leading to inhibition of plant growth and development, decrease in cell membrane stability and accumulation of free proline. Under conditions of osmotic stress, an increase in the concentration of calcium in the nutrient medium contributed to a more intensive accumulation of free proline, which increased in the stability of microprobe.
The wintering period and exit from dormancy are of great importance for the subsequent vital activity of grape plants. Induced dormancy is characterized by a number of specific physiological and biochemical changes. The aim of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic parameters, the carbohydrate composition of chlorophyll-containing vine tissue in the period of exit from dormancy. Studies were conducted on grape hybrids of TANA 33 (intraspecific hybrid V. vinifera), TANA 42 (interspecific hybrid V. vinifera and V. amurensis), TANA 68 (interspecific hybrid of V. vinifera and American varieties). TANA 42 and TANA 68 are non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and TANA 33 is freeze-sensitive hybrid. The studies were carried out in February and March. Content of carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical activity and the content of MDA in the vines were obtained. Physiological differences between grape hybrids with different freeze resistance during the induced dormancy were revealed. The lowering of the air temperature to moderate negative values have had a weak influence the manifestation of oxidative stress in non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and a steady increase in the content of MDA was observed in freeze- sensitive TANA 33. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the vines cannot serve as an indicator of freeze- tolerance but this parameter was closely associated with the temperature changes. The effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ in February was significantly lower for the freeze-sensitive TANA 33, however, the differences between the varieties disappeared after the onset of sap flow. The quantum yield of PS Ⅱ was depended on the temperature changes. The adaptation of non-tolerant grapes probably accompanied with the transformation of starch into soluble carbohydrates, which was not typical for frost-resistant varieties.
This work provides a comparison results of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two apple cultivars different ploidy Soyuz (2n=3x) and Prikubanskoe (2n=2x). We studied the content of protein, lignin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of peroxidase activity in annual shoots and leaves, as well as the content of nucleic acids in mature seeds. We found that the triploid of Soyuz is characterized by higher average values for almost parameters studied and their lower variability unlike the diploid of Prikubanskoe. At the same time, statistically significant differences were obtained by the content of protein and nucleic acids in the shoots and the seeds, respectively. The Soyuz variety, as a triploid, had higher values of these characteristics. On the other hand, Soyuz apple variety had the lower degree of resistance to winter temperatures compared to Prikubanskoe. It was determined by the lower activity of peroxidase, one of the antioxidant enzymes protector of plants under stress conditions and by the higher content of MDA, which is a product of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Our studies showed that the Soyuz apple variety, despite the relative stability of physiological characteristics in the summer months of study have, had the low level of stress tolerance compared to the Prikubanskoe variety in the winter period.
Under the unstable conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of Krasnodar Territory an important region f or the cultivation of grapes the problem of its resistance to the stresses of the winter period is urgent. In this regard, the search for new diagnostic indicators of winter hardiness continues, contributing to the identification of grape varieties adapted to modern conditions of a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to carry out comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin according to the dynamics of the content of phenolic substances in the bark of one-year shoots under in the conditions of the winter period and to distinguish winter-hardy varieties using this indicator. The studies carried out have confirmed the previously fact established of the involvement of phenolic substances in the mechanism of grape plant protection against unfavorable winter conditions. In our studies, there were quantitative changes in the content of anthocyanins, chalcones, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the studied grape organs of varieties under study during the winter period. The degree of contribution of each type of phenolic substance to the defense system was different and was determined by the variety. It was found that anthocyanins and chalcones are actively involved in the cryoprotective function in the Dostoyny, Vostorg and Zarif varieties. In these grape varieties, the maximum total content of anthocyanins (12.3-12.9 conventional units) and chalcones (21.5-24.8 conventional units) was noted during period under study. The protective function of chlorogenic and caffeic acids is not entirely clear. It is shown that the dynamics of anthocyanins and chalcones content in the bark of annual grape shoots studied plants can be one of the indirect methods of assessing the winter hardiness of grape varieties for breeding purposes.
The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.