Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
At present, the adaptive stability potential of some fruit varieties is insufficient for a response to climate changes in the North Caucasus Region of Russia. In this regard, the creation of varieties with increased environmental plasticity and high adaptive potential is relevant. Physiological and biochemical studies of apple varieties state after artificially induced low-temperature stress will allow to assess the studied apple varieties for resistance to critical frosts in mid-winter. A comparative assessment of the apple variety resistance to low temperature stress showed that there were quantitative changes content of malon dialdehyde content in the one-year shoots, as well as ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, chalcones, and peroxidase activity. It is established that in various apple varieties, peroxidase activity and antioxidant content in the tissue of shoots under conditions of low temperature stress varied with difference, detoxification of active oxygen forms (AOF) was achieved by various components of antioxidant protection. In the Prikubanskoye apple variety, the content of malondialdehyde in the one-year shoots remained almost unchanged, indicating the greater stability of the cell membranes, achieved due to the increased activity of peroxidase. n the Rodnichok variety, AOF detoxification is achieved by increasing in the ascorbic acid content by 3 times. Varieties of Rassvet and Prikubanskoe had the highest content of anthocyanins and chalcones, that indicate their greater frost resistance in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. Analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics we have found as a result of our research showed that Prikubanskoe apple variety is resistant (II component of winter hardiness). The varieties of Rassvet, Rodnichok, Idared are of less resistant to the highest frost in the mid-winter.
The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit stability plants of VNIISPK in 2016-2017. The objects of the research were apple cultivars selected by the Institute and growing on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The variety of Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The experiments were started in 2013, with the scheme of the trees plantings is 5 3 m. The crown was spindleshaped. The row-spacing and trunk strips were kept under black steam. To determine the heat resistance of apple cultivars, the method of heat shock +50 ºC (1.5 hours) was used. The purpose of the research was to study the heat resistance of apple cultivars based on determining the parameters of the water regime in the laboratory. The following parameters of the water regime were determined: total hydration, water deficit, restoration of leaf hydration. As a result of two-year studies, the studied apple cultivars were characterized by average water content (61.2...64.9 %), low water deficit under the field conditions and average deficit after exposure to heat shock and high ability to restore water content of leaf tissues (85.2...108.1%) after exposure to high temperature. The distribution of precipitations and temperatures under the field conditions during the passage of the studied cultivars of individual phenophases affected the hydration and water deficit of apple leaf tissues. There was a decrease in total water content and an increase in water deficit of leaves tissues during the fruit formation period (August) and during the onset of dry and hot conditions in the summer period. After exposure to high temperature +50 ºC in the laboratory conditions, the leaves showed an increase in water deficit in apple cultivars compared to the data under the field conditions. It was found that all the studied apple cultivars had an average level of heat resistance at the level of the control cultivar of Antonovka Obyknovennaya.
This study aimed to assess the influence of the factors plant organ, variety origin, berry color and ripening period the content of phenolic substances in the grape plants using statistical processing methods. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phenolic substances (hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, oligomeric procyanidins, stilbenes) of the main grape groups was carried out using the high effective liquid chromatography. The variability of phenolic substances content was studied according to the plan of a full four-factor experiment (a total of 36 variants in triplicate). Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Inc., USA) application software package was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of variance of the content of phenolic groups substances in the grape plants showed that the influence of the factors plant organ, variety origin and ripening period on the indexes of these substances is reliable. The berry color factor affected only the concentration of hydroxycarboxylic acids when interacting with the factors of plant organ and ripening period. Interaction of different factors variants among themselves significantly affected the amount of hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols, stilbenes and oligomeric procyanidins. Based on forecasting profile analysis, one should expect high values of hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols only in the early stages of grape berry ripening, and oligomeric procyanidins in the later dates of ripening. The maximum quantity of stilbenes should be expected in interspecific grape varieties in the early stages of berry ripening, in autochthonous varieties in the later stages. By manipulating the affect conformity in natural lows of both individual factors and their combinations, one can predict the desired effect and achieve the optimal qualitative and quantitative ratio of various groups of phenolic compounds in the grape plants.
The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.
The aim of the work is to identify the effect of joint application of jasmonic acid with promising physiologically active compounds of various mechanisms of action on the biochemical characteristics of grape roots in connection with resistance to phylloxera. The work was carried out on the production and experimental basis of the DSTSVH branch of the CFSCHVW. The object of research is annual plants of the grape varieties Bianca, Rkatsiteli, Moldova, Agadai, Pervenets Magaracha, Decemberskiy, Podarok Magaracha, Antey Magaracskiy, Cober 5 BB, two-years Agadai plants against the background of phylloxera; physiologically active substances of various mechanisms of action: FAS-1-JSAS; FAS-2-NAS; FAS-3-EAS; FAS-4-JAS (jasmonic acid). The influence of jasmonic acid the processes of grape resistance to the vermin when used separately and in combination with JSAC, NAS and EAS preparations was studied. The nature of changes in the BAS content in the roots during phylloxera attack and FAS treatment in tolerant grape varieties has been studied, which allows us to get closer to understanding the mechanism of resistance formation at the biochemical level. Grape varieties that are tolerant to root phylloxera have different biochemical and hormonal statuses outside of vermin infection, which change to varying degrees in response to phylloxera infection and FAS treatment. The results of research indicate that carbohydrate, amino acid, and phenolic metabolism is associated and involved in the process of response and adaptation of the grape plant to the vermin with the corresponding hormonal status, but it is not unambiguous and unidirectional. Effects of the use of ZHAS (increasing the content of ABA, aromatic amino acids, tyrosine and phenylalanine, which are the basis of the shikimate metabolic pathway), allow to suggest an increase in the action of JSAC + NAS + EAS on the resistance of grapes to root phylloxera.