Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.

Annotation

Within the framework of the joint program of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the Stavropol experimental station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC�, for the breeding of apple tree rootstocks, hybrids of apple-tree rootstocks of the ST series were assessed in terms of their adaptability to the conditions of the summer vegetation period in the central subzone of the Prikuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar city). The resistance of apple rootstocks to the stresses was determined by the water content and water-holding capacity of the leaves, which characterize the ability of plants to maintain water homeostasis during stress. In the nursery of offspring rootstocks, the drought resistance of apple tree rootstocks was determined by the laboratory-field method during the period of the greatest intensity of the water regime of plants. The zoned rootstock MM-106 was used as a control. The leaves of rootstocks CT 20-2 and CT 18-2 retained water better, in which the water loss for 2 hours of exposure was 28.3 and 30.3 % compared to 34.7 % for the control rootstock MM-106. The high water-holding capacity of the ST 20-2 rootstock was previously noted in the dry August 2020 � water loss in 4 hours was 31.5 % compared to 53.0 % for rootstock MM-106. The most productive were trees of the Prikubanskoye variety on rootstocks SK 2U, ST 20-4, 106-3, ST 13-3. The best specific productivity for five years of fruiting was in trees on rootstocks SK 2U, SK 5 and ST 13-3 hybrid (5.28; 4.74 and 4.22 kg/m2 ). Selected and recommended f or participation in breeding programs as a source of drought resistance rootstock ST 20-2 (MM-106 x M 9) and as a source of tree productivity in the garden, rootstock ST 13-3 (rootstock 58-250 x free pollination).

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This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large�berry � 2 varieties � Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless � 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.

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The article presents the results of studies (2021-2022) on assessing the economically valuable properties and isolation of heterotic seedlings in the population �Talisman x Marquiza�. In the work of breeding new grape varieties, much attention is paid to the variety Talisman, which is highly valued as a donor of such traits as early ripeness, large berry size, downy mildew, gray rot and frost resistance. The object of the study was seedlings in the amount of 18 pcs and initial forms, in which agrobiological records were provided in accordance with 13 traits. The studies were carried out in the breeding plot of Partenit village, South Coast of Crimea. The scheme of planting grape bushes was 3 × 1.5 m, bush training � one-shouldered Guyot in the non-irrigated plot. Heredity pattern and indicators of heterosis were determined in the population according to the following traits: �bunch weight�, �fruitfulness coefficient�, �shoot productivity in terms of the raw bunch weight�, �mass concentration of sugars�. A transitional heredity pattern of �bunch weight� trait with the effect of adverse dominance of paternal form Marquiza was established in the population �Talisman x Marquiza�. According to this trait, the seedling � 21-11-4-39 was isolated with the effect of heterosis +1.07 %. According to the trait �mass concentration of sugars�, true heterosis with the effect of +16.0 % was established in the studied family. Correspondence of the trait �fruitfulness coefficient� in initial forms and offspring was registered. Percentage content � 27.8 % of seedlings, � 21-11-4-31, � 21-11-4-37, � 21-11-4-38, � 21-11-4-49, � 21-11-4-50, heterotic according to this trait, were isolated (the effect of heterosis ranged from +22.0 % to +121.3 %). The indicator of dominance degree of shoot productivity according to the raw bunch weight trait shows a hybrid depression. Three seedlings, superior to the best form of Talisman in this indicator with the effect of heterosis from +2.96 % to +36.29 % were isolated in the population.

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The article presents the results of the study and evaluation of bunches, berries and seeds of some technical grape varieties, as well as the Moldova variety, which has a universal use in Azerbaijan. Morphological, biological and technological features of the varieties selected as the object of research were studied according to the descriptors of the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). Among the local and introduced grape varieties, Arna-grna, Khindogny, Gamashhara, Shirvanshahy and Moldova varieties outperformed the control and other tested varieties in terms of uvological parameters (weight, volume, bunch size, etc.). The yield of juice in the studied varieties varied within 63,5-86,8 %. The highest juice yield was noted in the Shirvanshahy variety (86,8 %), and the lowest in the varieties Carignan (63,5 %) and Syrah (63,8 %); the relatively low value of this indicator can be explained by the increased sensitivity shown by these varieties to local edaphoclimatic conditions, as well as climatic changes, when in the conditions of Azerbaijan in the areas of traditional rainfed viticulture, berries often do not gain enough juice without additional watering. By weight of 100 berries the studied varieties were mainly classified as small, and the varieties Arna-grna (481 g), Gyanjevi (341 g) and Moldova (317 g) were classified as medium. The sugar content of the berries of the studied grape varieties was assessed as medium, high and very high, in accordance with descriptor OIV 505; the highest indicator was noted in the Shirvanshahy variety (25,0 g/100 cm³).

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Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the ten most valuable plants on the planet. All its parts are economically valuable. Most often, the species is grown for food purposes. Walnut fruits are of great economic interest for the food industry, directly its edible part (kernel). Fresh, natural kernels are eaten mostly as whole nuts or used in various confectionery products. The nut is a nutrient-rich product, mainly due to the content of: fats (from 60-77 %), protein (16.5-34 %) and carbohydrates (2-10 %). The purpose of the study is to evaluate promising varieties of walnuts in terms of fruit quality and to identify varieties with a complex of economically valuable traits. Modern programs and methods of breeding and variety study are used. The paper presents the results of a long-term study (2018-2022) of 16 varieties of walnut growing in the conditions of the North Caucasus region. In the course of the study, large-fruited varieties were established (with a fruit weight 12.1-14.0 g) MP-118, Rus�, Slavyanin, Vodnik, Olympiets, LP-40; high kernel content (from 53.1 to 56.1%): Timur, Rus�, Novinka, Terkin, Sokol, Yakhont, Nakhodka, Stimul, Vodnik, LP-40; high fat content (from 65 to 71 %): Terkin, Novinka, Slavyanin, Vodnik, Stimul, Shchedryi, Zemlyak, Sokol, Rus�, LP-40; fruits with thin-crust shells (0.8-1.2 mm): Shchedryi, Slavyanin, Timur, Novinka, Terkin, Sokol, Yakhont, Nakhodka, Stimul, Vodnik, LP-40, Rus�. All varieties have a high tasting score. The results of the study allowed us to identify three promising varieties: Vodnik, Rus� and LP-40 with a complex of economically valuable traits (fruit weight, kernel yield, kernel extractability, taste and high fat content). All studied variety forms are of interest for breeding and production, and they can also be recommended as sources for obtaining new varieties.

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To study the organic nutrition of grape plants in in vitro culture, we conducted research on the effect of glucose introduced into the nutrient medium on the morphogenesis of test-tube grape plants. The experiments were carried out on two model varieties (Sibirkovyi and Krasnostop Karpi) selected by us from the laboratory collection of in vitro healthy grape plants. These varieties, in addition to differences in genotypes, most noticeably differ in the features of development in in vitro culture, which we noted earlier when they were cultivated and deposited in the collection. The Sibirkovyi variety is one of the fastest growing, and Krasnostop Karpi is one of the slowest developing varieties in in vitro culture. In the experiment, glucose concentrations from 0.0 (sucrose control 10.0 g/l) to 40.0 g/l were used. The varietal response of the model varieties in the experiment with different concentrations of glucose in the nutrient medium was different. The variety Sibirkovyi was already one and a half times ahead of the variety Krasnostop Karpi in development in the first terms of accounting. At the same time, for the Sibirkovyi variety, the optimal range of concentrations for the development and preservation of microplants according to most indicators was the range from 5 to 20 g/l, and for the Krasnostop Karpi variety, the optimal range was narrower � 0-20 g/l. At high glucose concentrations of 30,0-40,0 g/l, the plants of both varieties experienced stress, which was manifested in the intensive release of phenols into the nutrient medium (this was most clearly manifested in the Sibirkovyi variety), and often the plants did not reach the top of the cultivation vessel during ontogenesis. besides, they showed earlier aging processes. At the same time, at high concentrations of glucose, a slowdown in growth processes and its ripening of shoots in individual microplants was noted.

Annotation

The table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the differentiated load of bushes with shoots and bunches on the agrobiological properties of grapes, to substantiate the variety-oriented technology for the Podarok Nesvetaya grape variety. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in covered culture with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.5×3.5 m. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The climate is moderate continental. The average annual air temperature for 1991-2020 is +12.7 ºC, the minimum drops to -27.7 ºC, the maximum rises to +40.7 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures above +10 ºC on average for 30 years is 3945 ºC. The total precipitation is 729 mm. A change in the bunch weight and the grape yield is observed under the changes of bush load with shoots and bunches changes in these conditions. The largest bunch weight, 548 g, is formed with a load of 57 shoots and 43 bunches per bush, the highest yield capacity, 25.88 t/ ha, with a load of 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush. The correlation between the bunch weight and the number of shoots is direct and average, r = 0.51, and the inverse and strong dependence on the number of bunches, r = -0.71. The dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is direct and moderate, r = 0.32, on the number of bunches � direct and strong, r = 0.90. To obtain stable and high yields of grapes of Podarok Nesvetaya variety on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 in the Central agroecological zone of irrigated viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the norm of loading of bushes with 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush is recommended. For obtaining large bunches � the norm of loading with shoots is 57 pcs./bush and bunches is 43 pcs./bush.

Annotation

Currently, due to the active development of viticulture and the expansion of the assortment of cultivated varieties, the current direction of research is the study of promising genotypes and the assessment of the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the productivity and quality of finished products. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of the load of bushes with shoots on the productivity, quality of grapes and wine from the Granatovyi variety growing in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2). The studies were conducted in 2020-2022. The field experiment included three experimental variants of loading bushes with shoots 1) 100,000 shoots/ha; 2) 120,000 shoots/ha; 3) 140,000 shoots/ha. It is established that the fruitfulness coefficients decrease with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, and an increase in the number of inflorescences occurs due to an increase in the number of shoots. The productivity of Granatovyi grape variety ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 kg per bush. It is noted that with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, the range of fluctuations in the mass concentration of sugars increases from 2.2 g/100 cm3 to 3.5 g/100 cm3 . The samples of dry wines in bulk (wine materials) with a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare had the greatest stability of the tasting assessment over the years � the fluctuation interval was no more than 0.2 points. For the Granatovyi grape variety in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2), a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare (36 shoots per bush with a planting scheme of 3.0x1.0 m) is recommended to ensure the receipt of 4.8 kg of high-quality grapes from the bush and the production of wine materials with a tasting score of 8.2 points.

Annotation

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Cultivated grape varieties are considerably affected by a large number of pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases during the growing season impacting the quantity and quality of the crop its processing and export. Potential threats include bacteria, fungi, oomycetes or viruses with different life cycles, infection mechanisms and survival strategies. In recent years there has been an increase in grape fusarium and a change in the complex of its pathogens in various countries. Fusarium of grapes being a relatively new and dangerous disease negatively affects grape must. A complex of fungi of the genus Fusarium is involved in the defeat of grapes the main feature of which is the ability to produce mycotoxins. The species composition and the proportion of each species in the complex of detected fungi can vary with changes in the conditions of cultivation or storage of grapes, which is accompanied by changes in the spectrum of mycotoxins. Therefore, effective Fusarium control methods need to be introduced in the field before harvest especially using alternative methods to pesticides such as biocontrol. One of the most promising but at the same time poorly developed is the use of antagonists of mycotoxin producers. The use of yeast fungi as a biologized technology of protection against Fusarium in viticulture is relevant. Frequently reported yeast antagonists include strains belonging to the genus Pichia, Meyerozyma, Rhodotorula, Metschnikowia Saccharomyces, Candida, Hanseniaspora, and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. The review is devoted to the characterization of Fusarium fungi pathogenic for grapes and perspectives of application of biological means of their control with the help of yeast fungi.

Annotation

In the protection of fruit crops from a complex of pathogens, one of the current tasks is to prevent the development of root rot, among the causes of which are the activity of soil micromycetes Phytophthora sp. Selective media play a key role both in identification and subsequent storage in the laboratory, and in the study of morphological and cultural traits, sporulation ability, as well as to obtain a certain amount of inoculum (for example, for in vivo studies) and mycelium (for DNA isolation). Obtaining a pure culture of pathogenic micromycete with certain morphological and cultural characteristics, which may be important for diagnosis by both traditional and modern methods, determines the relevance of studying the influence of various media on these parameters of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora sp. The studies were carried out by methods of laboratory and comparative analyses. The growth of the pathogen strain of apple root rot Phytophthora sp. on nine nutrient media was studied. The colony growth rate and morphological and cultural characteristics were evaluated. As a result of the research, the strain has been found to vary not only the growth rate of the colony, but also the cultural characteristics depending on the nutrient medium. Of the nine nutrient media, three universal ones were selected that are most suitable for cultivation and identification, namely, tomato, potato-glucose and must agars. They meet the following criteria: ensuring the maximum degree of sporulation, rapid growth and development of the mycelium of the fungus, ease of preparation. It was also noted that Leroux medium can be used to obtain a large amount of inoculum, since it will produce more spores when planted in a lawn than on other media.

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The article deals with the creation of beverages with functional properties for the healthy nutrition of the country's population from the fruits of rare crops. The necessity of including functional foods with a high content of natural antioxidants that increase resistance to adverse environmental factors in the diet of the country's population is indicated. Chemical indicators of the quality of fruits of such rare crops as viburnum, rose hips, barberry and hawthorn have been studied. It has been established that viburnum fruits contain 18.5 mg/100 g of vitamin C, more than 100 mg/100 g of vitamin P, polyphenols; in rose hips � more than 100 mg/100 g of vitamin C, more than 200 mg/100 g of vitamin P, more than 2 mg/100 g of vitamin E, β� carotene and pectin substances; barberry fruits contain a high content of vitamins, polyphenols, β-carotene and minerals (up to 425.4 mg/100 g of potassium, up to 51.2 mg/100 g of calcium); hawthorn fruits contain vitamins C, P, E, polyphenols, β-carotene, potassium more than 598.0 mg/100 g and calcium more than 137.8 mg/100 g, which makes it possible to attribute them to the group of crops with a high content of macronutrients. Technological modes of preparation of extracts from fruits of rare crops are optimized, taking into account pH, temperature and hydrolysis time. Formulations of functional beverages have been developed using fruit extracts and puree from the fruits of barberry, viburnum, hawthorn and rosehip with a high content of antioxidants. The total content of natural antioxidants in the drink �Vitaminnyi� is 425.7 mg/100 g, in the drink �Zdorov�e� � 350,5 mg/100 g.

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The influence of the characteristics of new varieties and hybrids based on Krasnostop Anapskiy variety on the quality of grapes and chemical and technological parameters, and taste characteristics of wine products was studied in the experiment. The author in the article presents research materials on must and dry wine materials from hybrid varieties and forms of crossed pairs of grapes (F/U �Dzhemete� x Krasnostop Anapskiy) bred at the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-making. All new varieties and hybrid forms of a technical direction, average term of maturing. Productivity is high, they are tolerant to phylloxera. The must and wine material from the Krasnostop Anapskiy variety was used as a control. Place of laying the experiment is Anapa, Krasnodar region, Anapa ampelographic collection. Pruning of vineyards is �Spiral cordon AZOS-1�. The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. As a result of the analysis of fresh grapes from the studied varieties and hybrids, it was revealed that all the studied varieties and hybrids, with the exception of the 59-60 form, accumulated a fairly high amount of sugars � 19.9-22.9 g/100 cm3 . The must of Krasnostop AZOS and Kubanets varieties and 59-24 form had a concentration of phenolic compounds significantly higher than the control. The most optimal in terms of glucoacidometric index was the mustof the control variety Krasnostop Anapskiy and 59-49 and 59-24 forms. The wine materials of most of the studied varieties and hybrids were not inferior to the control in terms of alcohol concentration. The highest concentration of substances of the polyphenol group was found in wines from the hybrid 59-24 and from the Krasnostop AZOS and Kubanets varieties. Coloring anthocyanin substances in the highest concentration were found in the studied wine materials from hybrid grapes 59-24 and 59-60, as well as from the Krasnostop AZOS variety. The tasting analysis showed that the wines from the studied hybrids and varieties are not inferior or superior in organoleptic parameters to the control variety Krasnostop Anapskiy.

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The transformation of the appearance of apple must depending on the variety of apples is investigated. Apple must obtained during the processing of 30 varieties and elite forms of domestic and foreign breeding, and apple ciders were used as objects of research. It was shown that during processing, good juice separation was in the varieties Florina, Zolotoye letnee, Orfey, Ekzotika, Prikubanskoe, Dzhin, Chempion, Renet Platona, Liberti, Margo. All studied elite forms were characterized as fibrous with difficult sap secretion. Clarification of must, which was carried out by settling, proceeded slowly, especially in specimens whose consistency was characterized as �puree� and �fibrous�. As a result of fermentation, there was a change in the consistency, intensity and shade of color. In most samples, partial self-clarification was noted. Samples of ciders produced from apple varieties Orfey, Margo, Prikubanskoe, Virginia, Enterprise, Imrus, Ekzotika, Karmen, Vasilisa, Florina, Dzhin at the end of fermentation straw with a greenish tinge color and well lightened. Ciders from the varieties Soyuz, Amulet, Liberti, Ligol, Persikovoe, Ketni, Zolotoye letnee, Bagryanets Kubani, of all forms remained cloudy. The color and its intensity differed: samples of ciders from the varieties of apples Soyuz, Persikovoe, Ligol, of all elite forms had an amber color, which is associated with the peculiarities of the phenolic complex, in particular, with the content of anthocyanins. The shade of color varied in a wide range: from greenish to light yellow, yellow, light brown, pink and dark pink. The obtained data must be taken into account when compiling blends of ciders in order to regulate their color.

Annotation

The current area of research is a comprehensive study of varieties, forms and clones of local breeding for a reasonable selection of modern varieties. The aim of the study was to study the biochemical and technological characteristics of varieties, forms and clones of grapes bred by NCFSCHVW in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Kuban. The objects of research were varieties, forms, clones of the NCFSCHVW breeding (9 white-berry, 11 dark-berry and 4 control varieties), as well as fresh grape must and dry wine materials obtained from them. Wine materials were prepared according to classical technologies for low-oxidized white wines and red wines with a �floating cap�. The mass concentrations of sugars and titratable acids were determined in the must. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, indicators, composition of aroma-forming components and individual organic acids were determined in wine materials. A complex of phenolic substances, vitamins and vitamin-like substances was studied in red wine materials. It was established that the must of the studied samples had moderate mass concentrations of sugars and titratable acids: white berry 19.1-22.5 g/100 cm3 and 7.6-8.3 g/dm3 , respectively; dark berries 20.2-24.4 g/100 cm3 and 6.8-8.0 g/dm3 , respectively. It was noted that the group of Tana forms was distinguished by a higher volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of 11.8-12.5 % vol. In a sample of dry wine material Tana 95, a higher content of esters (89.8 mg/dm3 ) was noted, among red ones � in wine materials Tana 33 (116.8 mg/dm3 ), Kurchanskiy (100.1 mg/dm3 ) and Cabernet Kuban (105.2 mg/dm3 ). The mass concentration of higher alcohols in dry wine materials from the white berry forms of Tana (295.9-349.8 mg/dm3 ) exceeded the classic varieties and proto-clones from the Chardonnay and Riesling lines (192.6-264.4 mg/dm3 ). Vladimir stood out by the amount of phenolic substances (3603 mg/dm3 ), Tana 85 distinguished according to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Kurchanskiy, Vladimir and Tana 85 were isolated according to the amount of vitamins and vitamin-like substances.