Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article provides experimental data confirming the patterns of changing the productivity of table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya due to changes in load of shoots and clusters on bushes. Field studies are made in the Central agroecological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, Grapevines were planted 3.5 × 3.5 m and training system � high-trunk bilateral cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of the active temperatures is 3900�4100 �C, the maximum temperature during vegetation - +40 ºC, the minimum in winter is lowered to -30 ºC. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Thin-humous soils, leached deep chernozem. In such agroecological conditions, the variety showed a high responsiveness to various load of shoots and clusters on bushes. The correlation dependence of the total weight of the clusters from one bush and yield from the number of clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.75. With the load of shoots 50 pcs/bush and the load of clusters 63 pcs/bush the average weight of the grape clusters reaches the greatest value and amounts 0.406 kg. The greatest yield of commercial grapes 19.7 t/ha is formed with the load of shoots and clusters on bushes in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush, respectively. With such regulations of the load on the bushes, the cluster of grape retains an attractive commodity appearance and its weight amounts 0.394 kg. Optimized bushes load regulations of shoots and clusters in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush is recommended to use in the central agroececological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region for growing high yields of the commodity table variety Podarok Nesvetaya on the rootstock Berlandieri × Riparia SO4.

Annotation

The results of studies of the productivity of different graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the submontane zone of the Krasnodar Region on floodplain soils are presented. The stability of various plum rootstocks to unfavorable soil parameters was studied. The characteristics of the soil cover of the site and prospective domestic rootstocks for large-stone fruit crops are given. It was revealed that the main negative parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy-loamy soils, leading to a decrease in productivity and oppression of plants, are the periodic rise in the groundwater level and low fertility (very low availability of organic matter and mobile phosphorus). The variation exhibitions in the condition and yield of trees on these soils, depending on the rootstock, is established. In the leveled areas with periodic rise of the ground water level and stagnation of excess moisture at a depth of at least 120 cm from the soil surface, plum trees on all the studied rootstocks were in satisfactory condition. However, plum trees planted in 2015 on the rootstocks of PK SK-1, PK SK-2, 934 and 935 were more productive (5.7-6.6 t/ha). In low relief elements (gullies, swales, closed depressions), where stagnation of excess moisture in the soil profile at a depth of 80 cm or less is observed, depression and death of plum trees take place. The greatest resistance of plants to these conditions was noted on the rootstocks of PK SK�2 and 935. In these edaphoclimatic conditions, the most resistant to periodic long-term overwatering of the root layer of the soil are graft-rootstock combinations of Stenley/PC SK�2 and Stenley/935. These trees have the highest yield and the lowest percentage of plant death.

Annotation

In the article are provided experimental data confirming the regularities of changes in the productivity of the table grape variety Victor due to change in the load of bushes with shoots and clusters. Field studies were carried out in the Central Agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, the scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The variety showed a high responsiveness to changes in the load of bushes with shoots and clusters under this agroecological conditions. The correlation dependence of the total mass of clusters from one bush on the number of fruitful shoots and the number of clusters is medium and high, respectively, r = 0.63 and r = 0.75. The dependence of productivity on the load of bushes with shoots and clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.88-0.93 and 0.86-0.99, respectively. The largest mass of a cluster, 0.757 kg, is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pcs. per bush and clusters in the amount of 10 pcs. per bush. Clusters are close in size to this mass when the bushes are loaded with 21 shoots and 13 clusters per bush, as well as when the bushes are loaded with 16 shoots and 12 clusters per bush, respectively, 0.714 and 0.756 kg. The highest yield of grapes, 14.83 and 14.50 t per ha, is formed with the greatest load of bushes with shoots of 26 and 21 pcs. per bush in combination with a load of clusters in the amount of 17 pcs. per bush.

Annotation

Modification changes in the phenotype and the norm of reaction in the technical grape variety Vydvizhenec under the influence of natural conditions against the background of traditional and biological ways of soil management have been established. The studies were carried out in the agro-ecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the south of Russia using modern methods of field research. The average annual air temperature at the research site was 9.7 ºC. During the growing season (May-September) the temperature was 19.9 º�, during the period of active growth of grape berries (II. June-III. August) � 22.5 º�, the maximum rose to plus 39.3 º�, the minimum in the wintering period of grapes dropped to minus 26.7 º�. The annual temperature range was 54.2 ºC. The drop in air temperature within the day during the growing season was 10.7 degrees Celsius, the maximum � 17.7 º�. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation varied from 433 to 866 mm, with a norm of 620 mm. Variations in weather conditions were accompanied by modification variability in the number of clusters, average cluster weight, and grape yield. According to the correlation analysis, the strongest influence was exerted by the minimum air temperature (January-February) on the number of clusters (r = 0.64�0.41) and the average cluster mass (r = -0.67�-0.52), the average temperature in the previous year by the number of clusters (r = 0.65�0.41), the average annual temperature per cluster weight (r = -0.47�-0.35). Atmospheric precipitation as a whole for the year influenced the mass of the cluster (r = -0.38�-0.30). The influence of weather conditions on the grape yield was weak. The reaction norm of the number of clusters was equal 23 against the background of black fallow, 25 � natural grassing-down and 30 pcs/bush � sowing of sour dock, the average weight of the cluster, respectively, 129, 90 and 103 g, the grape yield � 5.79; 5,52 and 6,00 kg/bush.

Annotation

The prospects of application biostimulants of growth to increase the resistance and stability of fruiting of fruit crops are discussed. Fruit crops are exposed to stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. Climate changes, especially regional weather conditions, characterized by a higher frequency of extreme manifestations of abiotic stress, strongly affect the growth and productivity, the quality of fruit plant products. Increasing the productivity of fruit crops is achieved by regulating the main factors of the production process. One of the promising areas of modern horticulture for increasing the resistance and formation of stable productivity of fruit agrocenoses is the development of a system for the application of biostimulants. Groups of biostimulants, their classification, characteristics and mechanism of action on plants are considered. The analysis of the influence of biostimulants on the stability and productivity of fruit crops is presented. It is shown that biostimulants in low concentrations have a growth-stimulating effect, enhance plant metabolism and increase the degree of absorption of nutrients from the soil. Their application makes it possible to increase the efficiency and reduce the amount of mineral fertilizers used in the management system for garden crops cultivated using intensive technologies. The role of biostimulants in the preservation of soil fertility of garden agrocenoses is revealed, since these drugs can stimulate the activity of �useful� soil microorganisms and optimize the absorption of nutrients from the soil by plants. The anti-stress properties of biostimulants were studied and analyzed to preserve the productivity level of fruit plants, the quality of fruits in conditions of drought, salinity, low and high temperatures. The available developments in the field of the application of biostimulants in horticulture indicate the prospects of applying the research results for further improvement of intensive technologies for cultivating fruit plantations based on methods of biologization and ecologization of production processes.