Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The research is carried out in the Riesling vineyard under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture (Anapa). In is known that the technical Riesling grapes has a high productivity of shoots. Also we know, that there is a close relationship of formation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of grapes varieties from the genetic characteristics, hormonal plants status, balance of nutrition and weather-conditions. The task of the research was to identify the effect of air temperature and density of bushes planting on laying of generative organs in the buds of Riesling grapes. It is shown that under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of the Southern Russia viticulture the formation of rudimentary inflorescence occurs sequentially. Monitoring of grapes plants development shows that the first inflorescence was formed completely to July 1, the second inflorescence - to 22 of July. The period from the appearance of generative hillock to the formation of the first inflorescence was 25 days. On the differentiated inflorescences the coefficient of fruiting in the middle of July (K1) was the largest (> 1.0) in the area of 4-6 buds. In subsequent periods (22.07 and 05.08) a zone of differentiated inflorescences with a coefficient of fruitage > 1 has expanded from 2 to 7 buds. It was found that more intensively the differentiation of embryonic inflorescences takes a place in the rare planting of vineyards (3,5 × 2,0 m), compared with a tight planting (2,5 × 1 m). The more intensive differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of Riesling grapes is noted in a zone 2-7 buds. This fact must be taken into account when the calculating of the vines load and the execute of pruning are needed.
The analytical overview of world experience of use of introscopic methods of research applied in the agricultural biology and the food industry are given in the materials of article. The aspects of application of introscopic testing in the various areas of science and the development history of the introscopic researches of agricultural plants in the our country and abroad are shortly described. The results of the most significant and interesting research with use of radiographic methods, and also results of modern research of the last decade of foreign research with use of methods of computer and magnetic-resonance tomography are given. The domestic experience and progress of use of methods and means of a nondestructive testing in our country are discussed. It is noted that the carried-out analysis shows the insufficient development of similar research in our country which, at the moment, are limited only to use of a microfocal X-ray analysis. Current situation is explained by the high cost of the research equipment, low qualification of employers, insufficient amount of information about the existing prospects of this research. The conclusion becomes that in domestic agricultural biology it is necessary to expand the range of research works with application of introscopic methods, but it is necessary to define accurately the purposes and the tasks for carrying out the scientific research not to discredit this important and perspective direction.
Composition and properties of pectin's depend on the mode of sedimentation. For optimization of technology of pectin electric sedimentation we studied the kinetics of electric coagulation of pectin macromolecules in the pulsed rotating electric field. A definition of the threshold of electric coagulation depending on the parameters of the electric field and other technological regimes. The following parameters were measured: the voltage on electrodes, the current density and pulse frequency of rotating electric field. It is established that the intensity of sedimentation process increases linearly when the current density increases. The threshold of electric coagulation depending on the pectin concentration in the solution is defined. The process of coagulation occurs the most intensively in the pectin extracts with above 1,5% concentration, this process occurs the least intensively if the concentration is 1.0%. The results of research showed that if the temperature of the initial model solution is higher, the velocity of coagulation is higher too. It is shown that the optimal temperature of solution is 23. It is established that the beginning of pectin coagulation in the solutions with its low concentration requires of creation of a higher field voltage and on the contrary. The kinetics of the process of electric flocculation is carried out. The results of study showed that the duration of the process of electric coagulation-flocculation of pectin substances is 60 minutes. It is established that pectin going out increases and reaches its maximum at the frequency of the pulses of rotating electric field of 25 kHz, then it begins to decrease. The use of the established regularities and technological modes permitted to receive the pectin with high ability to form the complexes. On the results of research the improved technology for the pectin production using on the phase of sedimentation the method of coagulation in the pulsed rotating electric field is developed.
Now the relevance of resource-saving technologies increased in the gardening on the basis of the crown providing the decrease in labor input at their formation, the reduce of costs for harvesting and protection of plants against wreckers and diseases. The materials of article are the result of 10 years research on determination of parameters of labor expenses and efficiency of the fructifying intensive plantings of an apple-tree on rootstocks of M9, CK3, CK4 with a density of placement of plants from 1000 to 4167 pieces/hectare and the systems of crown formation "spindle-shaped" and "crown-row". Annually under the conditions of a field experiment we carried out the system of the methods of impact on crown providing the optimization of the light mode of plants. We determined by method of time supervision the time expenses and weighed the mass of the trees cut-off wood, and defined the productivity and efficiency of technological production cycle of fruits production. As a result of research it was defined that at carrying out of annual cutting an apple-tree Aydared and Pikubanskoye on rootstock of M9 the highest rates of labor productivity are received. In the same options also the highest productivity of trees, stability of fructification by years was observed. Profitability of fruits production makes 156,4-234,3%. The analysis of labor costs on carrying out of forming cutting of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK3 the Aydared and Simirenkovets revealed the considerable economy of resources and the minimum mass of the cut-off wood. The greatest expenses of work are fixed on the cutting of apple-tree trees of Dean Art and Zarnitsa. One of the main reserves of economy of resources at cultivation of an intensive garden of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK4 are the extent of cutting of trees (from 15 to 50% of the deleted wood with shortening of the central shoot at the height of 150 and 170 cm) and stability of fructification when rationing loading of fruits ranging from 60 to 80 on the tree.
It is known that the long cultivation of grapes culture on one the place leads to violation of the existing level of soil fertility because of alienation of part of plant production with a harvest and carrying out of nutrient elements by the phytomass of a bush. The level of fertility of the soil decreases, her water physical properties become worse, the expenses on the soil processing increase, the economic effect of cultivations decreases. Research are carried out under the conditions of Anapo-Tamansky agric-climatic zone of cultivation of grapes. Studying of technological processes of soil maintenance in the row-spacings of the fructifying vineyards was carried out according to the available references, patents and test reports. We have carried out the research on studying of ensuring level of soils with a humus on grapes plantings, and we used forest belts as control, for comparison and establishment of scales of lands degradation at a monoculture of grapes. The results of laboratory analyses have shown that the level of soils ensuring with a humus on the vineyards, cultivated in the monoculture mode, in the top soil layer lower than in the forest belts. Similar indicators in the most cases have occurred also in the soil layer of 25-50 cm. In this article the results of the analysis of the use of machines for mechaniza-tion of perennial plantings care at their cultivation on fallow system and sod-humus system are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of used cars are noted. To increase in degree of reproduction of soil fertility, it is recommended to develop a device for mowing improved cut shredder of plant mass. The aim is to improve process of rows copying of cultivated perennial plants and soil micro-relief by automatic tracking systems.