Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Osmia is an effective pollinator of fruit crops. Study of its development biology is very relevant from the point of view of its mass reproduction that in modern conditions may help to increase considerably in the yield of fruit crops taking into consideration decrease in number of honey bees. Imago spend winter in cocoons. In natural habitat the flight out of Osmia is registered in spring at the weather conditions 8-10 ºC. After coupling male bees die and a female bee starts to find the place for nesting. Females occupy the ready nest channels. The building of cells in nest channels begins with the forming of initial plug, consisting of soil pieces. Having finished the building of initial plug the bee begins to store foods in the cells - pollen and nectar. It takes a day to build a cell under favorable conditions. The process continues until the nest channels are filled. In the end of building the nest the channel is closed by a plug. By means of observation and pollen analysis it was registered that Osmia Rufa has visited flowers of 13 species of plants of 7 kinds. The pollen of two plants species was found in 55,3 % of the cells. The pollen of three plants � in 13,3 %. The pollen of four plants � in 22,6 %, the pollen of five plants � in 5,4 % and the pollen of six � in 2,4 %. The pollen of plants of kind Rosaceae was found in 55,1 % of the cells, of kind Lamiaceae � in 19,8 %, of kind Asteraceae � in 8,3 %, of kind Carpofiliaceae � in 6,3 %, of kind Paeoniaceae � in 4,7 %, of kind Corylaceae � 4,2 %, of kind Ranunculaceae � 1,6 %. Osmia rufa develops in one generation. According to data obtained for many years the embryonic development Lasts from 3 to 10 days. The development of larva � 13,8-44,5 days. A pupa becomes an adult bee in 21-22 days. Thus, the whole cycle of bee development lasts 50,8-136,5 days, talking into considiration that larva being inactive.

Annotation

A study of winter hardiness of plum domestic varieties, differing in high taste qualities, was carried out. The plum winter hardiness is determined by of damage to plant organs on a 5-point scale. Varietal differences in the degree of resistance of skeleton`s branches and the stem to low temperatures in winter, as well as fruit buds to spring return frosts, were established. The condition of plum domestic trees was assessed for 4 years of research. The most resistant plum varieties to winter freezing of the stem and skeleton`s branches were identified: Calben 208, Vas�ova, Arvita, Vengerka Vkusnaya, Vengerka Italianskaya, Lakomka, Montfort, Nectar, Pamyat Vavilov, Persikovaya Michurin, Renklod Fioletovy, Chernosliv Adygeyskiy, Shamsi. Plum varieties with a maximum assessment of the tree`s state after a winter with an extremely low temperature were revealed: Vas�ova, Vengerka Vkusnaya, Pamyat Vavilov, Renklod Altana, Renklod Fioletovy, Shamsi. The improvement of the trees condition of most plum domestic varieties over the observation period has been established. Based on data on the maximum ruin of flower buds from return frosts from 2008 to 2010, stability groups of the studied plum varieties were established. Plum varieties with maximum resistance of fruit buds to return frosts were identified: Anastasia, Vengerka Italianskaya, Ekaterina, Ispolinskaya, Columbia, Lakomka, Pamyat Vavilov, Chernosliv Adygeyskiy, Shamsi. There was no dependence of freezing of the plum flower buds on the timing of the beginning of flowering. Varieties, with the beginning of flowering from April 11 (Velikiy Gertsog) to April 25 (Vengerka Rannia) and others, have had the freezing buds. The buds that were not damaged by frost were in varieties whose flowering began from April 16 (Lakomka) to April 25 (Vengerka Italianskaya). The results of studies of some varieties under the conditions of Adygea are compared with the results of other researchers of the Krasnodar Territory.

Annotation

Growth processes reflect the dynamics of the leaf surface growth of the grape plant. They depend on the temperature and water conditions, as well as the variety specifics. The processes of growth of shoots and leaf plates of Riesling Rhenish grapes under the influence of different plantation scheme and the load of bushes with shoots are studied. It was found that the growth rate of grape shoots with an increase in the load from 40,000 to 70,000 shoots per hectare decreases and does not significantly differ with different scheme of plantation. The length of shoots is maximum for any plantation scheme with a load of 40,000 shoots per hectare and decreases when it increases. In 2019, there was a tendency to increase in the leaf surface area per hectare with increasing the load. With a landing scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 m and a load of 70,000 shoots/ha the leaf surface area per hectare was 1.2 times higher than that with a load of 40,000 shoots/ha, with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.5 m � by 2.2 times, and with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.0 � by 1.6 times. The productivity indicators of the leaf surface are calculated: the amount of crop per 1 m2 of leaf area; the area of leaves per 1 kg of crop and per 1 bunch. The trends of their changes depending on the load of bushes with shoots and the scheme of bushes planting are established. The studies have shown that under the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and increased biological stability of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were observed in plantations with a planting scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 and 3.0 x 1.5 m with a bushes load of 40 and 50 thousand shoots per hectare

Annotation

Under the favorable climatic conditions and with good agro-technology, the pear-tree produces high regular yields, a pear is a highly presentable crop and the pear varieties differ in productivity. The creation of highly productive pear orchards is impossible without the correct selection of rootstocks and varieties that, along with high taste and commercial qualities of fruits, are well adapted to the external conditions of specific regions, fast-growing and high productive with moderate tree growth and resistance to diseases and pests. This article presents the results of many years of work on breeding and variety study of pear in the Stavropol Territory. Data on the growth and fruiting characteristics of 12 pear varieties on the rootstocks of pear and quince A are presented. The influence of the rootstock tree vigor, the enter into the fruiting season, and the fruit maturation period is shown on the example of the Curie and Talgarskaya Krasavitsa pear varieties. Based on the research results, the tree planting schemes and scion-rootstock combinations for laying the gardens with a planting density of 555 and 1000 trees per hectare were identified and recommended. The promising pear varieties were identified and recommended for use in industrial cultivation in the South of Russia. Optimization of the pear assortment under the conditions of the South of Russia with new adaptive and productive varieties will make it possible to effectively realize the biological potential of pear varieties and increase in fruit production, as well as will allow you to get the fruits of high taste and commodity qualities, reduce the chemical treatments of gardens from vermins and diseases, and thus increase in the ecological safety of the environment.

Annotation

The various aspects and prospects of development of the design and estimate documentation regulating the main stages of laying and operation of perennial fruit plantations are considered. The relevance of the problem of a systematic approach to the complex of works related to the establishment of new modern and reconstruction of extensive perennial fruit plantations is determined by the legislative framework and the relevant Resolutions of the regional administration, as well as measures aimed at increasing in the production of high-quality fruit and berry products in the Krasnodar Territory. The tendencies of growth by years of the area of fruit plantations, laid by small agricultural enterprises that play an important role in the market economy, and diversified farms (secondary, additional industry), in almost all municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory, including on soils conditionally suitable for gardening, are revealed. In this regard, the responsibility of horticultural enterprises and industry specialists is increasing for the effective use of agricultural land allotted for a monoculture of a garden and the level of profitability of plantations, which is closely related to the design parameters of laid gardens. The tasks of design and estimate activities necessary to optimize the process of developing energy-resource-saving technological solutions have been determined. Constructive measures are proposed that are necessary for further optimization of work related to the development of pre-project documentation: systematization of data characterizing the prospects for the development of the fruit-growing industry depending on the zonal soil and climatic specifics (zonal and microzonal features), creation of an electronic database of horticultural soil resources of the region and their systematization according to agrochemical prpherties and type content and others. The prospects of work of the design and technological, search and design bureau of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW on the basis of systematization of working materials using electronic databases are outlined.