Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The reveal of dependencies between the leaf surface of a grape plant, the load of the bush, the length of fruit vines pruning on the one hand, and growth and fruiting on the other hand, reveals the scientific approaches to well ground the most rational selection of elements of variety agrotechnics. As a result of the research, it was established that the tested clones of the Aleatiko 802, Muscat Bely VCR-3, Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 varieties, with developed elements of variety agrotechnics, are vigorous and far exceed the standard varieties. To the end of the growing season, their annual shoots had ripened from 83.6 to 94.8% of their length. The use of an increased level of loads up to 40-50 % and elongation of fruit vines from 3 to 8 buds on the tested clones under the conditions of the Southern Coast Zone of the Crimea with increasing in the load on the bush leads to an increase in the average length of the shoot. The bush form as a one-sided cordon on the introduced clones provides the best maturation of the shoots. In the clone Cabernet Sovignon R-5, compared with the standard variety, reducing the load on the bush from 54 to 24 buds did not effect the growth vigor of the bush. The best ripening was for the variant with the lowest load on the bush 24 buds with a short pruning of fruit vines. The selected optimal parameters of variety agrotechnics had a positive effect the formation of productivity index (Cp) of Aleatiko 802 clones from a very high level of productivity to high, in comparison with the standard Aleatico variety (low and average values of this criterion). The clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 with the tested forms of the bush index of varieties productivity ranged from medium to very high values, the standard variety had the average score of Cp. The Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 clone had Cp from medium to very high, the standard variety Cp is rated as very low and low.
The article reveals the need to develop a computer program for the creation and control of the ampelocenoses production potential. This program is necessary for agricultural producers to make the control decisions on the creation and operation of ampelocenoses in order to ensure the competitiveness of produced products. The creation of united database of grape genetic resources and their quality indicators, manifested in the different soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zones, will make it possible to quickly select the optimal assortment for all crop cultivation zones taking into account climate change, as well as to create the new highly effective variety forms, which is of significant interest for scientific institutions. The computer program being developed is based on spacious scientific knowledge, including data on varieties, the resource agroecological potential of grape growing regions, based on a systematic approach that provides the greatest degree of realization of the factors totality in the production process that determine the stability of fruiting, productivity and quality of grapes. As a result of the research, a system architecture was developed for the prototype of software methods to manage the integrated stability of grape agroecosystems to ensure maximum feasibility of the biological potential and self-reproduction of ampelocenoses under the conditions of technogenic intensification of production and climate change. The results of studies on the development of a database of economically valuable traits of various ecological and geographical origin grape varieties are presented, including a description of more than 80 traits and resource agroecological potential of grape cultivation areas in more than of 20 parameters, as well as the creation of basic models (laying a new vineyard) and operational models (care system for the existing vineyard) for cultivation technologies.
The problem of insufficient knowledge of fruit crops apian-pollinators, in particular of solitary bees, is being analyzed in the article. Species of apian-pollinators have been defined including 52 species belonging to 6 families. Among the apians, which were registered on fruit crops, the most numerous in all agroclimatic zones were 10 (19,2 %) species: Andrena flavipes, A. haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Osmia rufa, Eucera curvitarsis, Bombus agrorum and Apis mellifera, which are the main pollinators. 4 species of fruit crops pollinators were the dominantones in the central zone of Krasnodar Region (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 57,1 %), the group of mass pollinators was represented by 3 species (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. nitidiuscula 28,6 %). 4 species were belonged to the dominant group in the Western delta zone (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 52,2 %), 5 species of pollinators were the most common (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis 43,5 %). 3 species of pollinators dominated (Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 42,9 %), 5 species were the most common Andrena flavipes, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis 47,6 %) in the Southern foothill zone. Amount of solitary and honey bees far exceeds the quantity of insects from other orders. For 3 years of studies the average registered of solitary bees was 35,5 on marked brunch, as well as honey bee 32,4 and only 5,6 insects of other orders on pollination of anapple tree. Respectively on pollination of a cherry tree the amount was 53, 41,4 and 5,6 individuals. There were no difference of years of studing and the days of flowering and the quantity of pollinators of apple and cherry trees. The difference between groups of pollinators is significant (32,6 % for apple and 87,2 % for cherries). The quantity of apian-pollinators in the garden varies according to the day of flowering, it also depends on series of abiotic factors temperature, humidity, time of a day, velocity and wind direction.
The article presents an overview of the current state and the degree of implementation of digital technologies in the food production from vegetable raw materials, allowing to provide a product of a given chemical composition required man under the unfavorable environmental conditions. The computerization of the technological process initiated the creation of industrial robots that make easy a manual human labor and ensure the effectiveness of the management of food personification. The adaptation of robots for processing industries is based on the creation of a mathematical algorithm for performing the required technological operation. The article presents the scientific areas in which the digitalization of the technological process gave a powerful impetus to the breakthrough, first of all, it is additive technologies and, above all, 3D printing of food. The methods and ways of food printing from the point of view of the possibility of individualization of the diet for certain groups of the population. The technological criterions for the suitability of plant row materials in the application of digital technologies in the food production are revealed. It is noted that for the «printing» of the product is suitable the raw material of soft, easily deformable texture, passing in varying degrees of hardening, steadily preserving the shape of the product. The biologically valuable plant raw material rich in natural polymer hydrocolloids, providing homogenization of raw materials to greasing consistency is effective. From fruit and berry raw materials are technologically suitable for 3-D product the fruits and berries, characterized by a high content of natural dietary fibers, which include hemicellulose, gums and pectin substances. It is noted that the informatization of food technology has helped to link the process of creating a product with mathematical methods of identification and prediction of food quality. The solutions for the informatization of product formulations are presented, based on the use of databases of long-term studies of the chemical composition of fruits and berries associated in the system of balance equations, that allow to individual correct the composition of food.
Information technology long time ago an integral part of our daily lives. Software when used correctly allows you to save time (our main resource) and, as a result, money; make fewer mistakes; perform fundamentally new operations that are difficult to do without a computer. Software for agriculture also has the same importance. Computer programs for crop production allow you to structure information, perform its operational processing, generate reports and tasks, provide information support for management decisions and make management of agricultural production more convenient and effective. In the field of agriculture, there is a fairly wide range of programs that compete with each other without achieving absolute leadership. Each of them has some advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the creation of such programs is caused by the practical need to automate the calculation process in the development of design and estimate documentation for laying the long-term plantations, as well as increasing labor productivity by reducing time costs. The developed software uses a step-by-step data entry algorithm to minimize errors in the calculation of project documentation. The output data is a file in Microsoft Excel format with ready tables for printing the document. Similar software products in various industries are often not a complete solution and have a large number of disadvantages. Our software product is developed using the object-oriented programming languages and also using the databases to get the source code closed to the user and avoid third-party interference.