Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The paper present the experimental data of field studies in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory to optimize the load of grape bushes with shoots and bunches of the Livya variety on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock on drip irrigation. The scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature on the zone condition is 12.5-13.0 º, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900- 4100 º, the maximum temperature during the plants growing season is plus 40 º, the minimum temperature in winter drops to minus 30 º. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agroecological conditions, the grape variety Livya on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock showed high responsiveness to optimizing the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. When the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pieces / bush and bunches are in the amount of 24 pieces / bush, the average weight of a grape bunch reaches the highest value and is 0.767 kg. The highest yield of 31 t / ha with the highest share of marketable yield of 97 % is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs / bush, respectively. With such regulations for the load of bushes, the average mass of a grape bunch is 15 % less and is 0.669 kg. The optimized regulation of the load of bushes with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs. / bush, respectively, can be recommended in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for growing high yields and good quality of Livya grapes.
A differentiated approach to the selection of effective elements of agricultural technology of grape varieties and clones, the selection of bush shape, determination of bush loading and pruning length of fruit vines is a hot topic of research in cultivation of grapes clones of the European origin. The article presents the results of scientific research aimed at the development of new effective elements of technology for cultivation of clones of wine grape varieties in comparison with the traditional cultivation technology of classic varieties based on improving the system of bush training and increasing in the grape yield. In the course of work, the optimal parameters of agricultural practices were determined (type of training, bush shape, length of pruning and bush loading with shoots and crops), providing a more complete realization of the potential of clones and varieties under study. As a result of research conducted, it was found that the following studied clones of varieties Cabernet-Sauvignon 3-3-4, Muscat Belyi Urozhainyi, Rkatsiteli 48 Vysokourozhainyi and Chardonnay from Anapa, when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, were characterized by good inflorescence initiation throughout the length of vine, rated as high and very high, while the K1 values exceeded this indicator of the control varieties by 4.3-27.0 %. In terms of cropping capacity, the studied clones of varieties exceed amounts of same indicator of the control example varieties by 32.9-62.5 % and differ in higher values of mass concentration of sugars in a juice of berries. In experimental variants, the largest increase in the profitability of grape production was observed when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, and amounted to an average of 52.6-87.3 %.
Under the environmental conditions of the Lower Don area of Russia, for grapes of interspecific origin of the Tsvetochny (Severny x a mixture of pollen varieties: Muscat Hungarian, Muscat Bely and Muscat Alexandria) the studies have been carried out on the effect of methods of vine pruning, as well as the application of various quotas of the vine load shoots the productivity and quality of the crop when non covering and hi-stem the culture of the vine. The paper presents data on the results of the transformation of four-year-old shapeless bushes into various ones, new for the conditions of this climatic zone, as well as the methods of management, formation and pruning of grape plants in industrial-type plantations. In the 80-90s of the 20th century, the grape variety of Tsvetochny was distributed in the vineyards of the Don, and the wines and juices from this variety were awarded by high awards at the world competitions. The optimal methods of maintaining for that conditions, formation and pruning of grape bushes, as well as the modes of operation of plantings and processing of the crop were established. Currently, the Tsvetochny grape variety has almost disappeared from the plantations of the Don vineyards. The task to increase the status of the variety in the structure of plantations and clarify some provisions of the agrotechnical order that contribute to stable and economically justified productivity is actual task. In the experimental part of the agrotechnical research on the Tsvetochny grape variety, it was planned to clarify the results of previous years' research and to lay down the experiments on modern methods of maintaining and formation of non covering industrial-type vineyards.
Experimental data of field studies carried out in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory about the different agrobiological reaction of the Libya variety to the rootstocks of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 and Shasla × Berlandieri 41B are presented. Scheme of bush planting on the plot studied of 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agro-ecological conditions, the Libya grapes on the 41B rootstock significantly surpass the SO4 grapes in terms of the combination of positive characteristics. Biometric economically valuable traits of the Libya grape variety on the 41B rootstock were significantly better than that on the SO4 rootstock. On the rootstock 41B, the berry acquires an oval shape, and they are larger, the bunch is cylindro-conical, the color is yellow-orange with a faint scarlet tint on the sunny side. The beginning of ripening and harvesting of grapes on this rootstock begins earlier by 17-13 days, mass ripening by 20-7 days. In the vineyards grafted on the 41B rootstock, the grape yield was 1.9 times higher than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 26.65 t / ha. The share of the marketable part of grapes on the 41B rootstock was 94 % and on the SO4 rootstock 84 %. The tasting score of berries grown on the 41B rootstock was on average 8.6 points, as well as on SO4 8.1 points. The differences are related to the different accumulation of sugar in the berries.
The work are presented the results of embryonic fruitfulness assessment in new table grape grafted hybrid forms of domestic breeding. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different grape hybrid forms is varied, despite the identical conditions of growing environment. Taking into account the significant impact of the biological characteristics and environmental conditions of growing grapes on initiation of embryonic flowers and productivity of plantations following aim was set to determine the common factors of embryonic flowers formation and to optimize the cut length of domestic breeding table hybrids of Akello, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Agat Dubovskiy, Dubovskiy Rozoviy, Pestriy grape shoots. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of hibernating buds were conducted during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grape hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots and different adaptive potential of varieties under the conditions of increased solar insolation are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness in the conditions of temperature stress have been in the hybrids of Agat Dubovskiy and Pestriy. The placement of productive zones along the length of the shoot was uneven. In case of uneven placement of productive zones, shoot pruning of the studied grape hybrid forms is recommended to be carried out differentially. For the grape form of Akello the length of the shoots pruning should be on 6 eyes, for Kishmish Dubovskiy 9 eyes, for the hybrid forms of Pestriy, Agat Dubovskiy and Dubovskiy Rozoviy 8 eyes.