Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The approaches to the optimization of buds load of the grapes bushes have a long history. Existing methods become tu improve, and a lot of modern calculative methods also become modified. A new step in the modification of the method to calculate buds load of the grapes bushes is discussed in the article.
The principle of formation and the main content of the minimum necessary system of machines for the mechanization of the main labor-intensive processes of the vineyards cultivation in the Russian Federation is accounted. The names of the most promising and alternative machines and their manufacturers are advanced.
The results of researches of influence of orchards microclimate conditions on productivity of an apple-tree varieties of various ecological and geographical origin are given. The dynamics of daily lighting in the period of active growth and development of an apple-trees on CK3 rootstock in the intensive plantings during 2011-2013 years are researched. The features of microclimatic changes in the plantings with various density of landing during the summer period of vegetation, without rainfall and at low air humidity, increased daytime temperatures and high intensity of air movement are studied. It is defined that in the denser plantings the microclimate is more stable. At the plants placement over 4000 pieces/hectare the increase of critical temperatures is slow down, the period of their impact on a plant is shorten, the accelerated falling of absolute temperatures at the second half of light day is observed.
It is shown that the system of machines, applied now, on many positions doesnt coincide with a demanded complex of machines for the long-term fruit plantings and vinegrapes, especially with a perspective system of machines. The many factors influence on the state, level and prospect of mechanization development of fruit growing and wine growing: land relief, size of plantings, schemes of plants landings. The characteristics of modern and perspective machines for cultivation and harvesting of long-term plantings (fruits and grapes) are submitted on the results of studying of technological prosess of machine working. The defects of operating system of machines the lack of the domestic machines for landing and cutting, beveling, defoliation, etc. of perennial plants, are noted. Existing power means dont meet the modern requirements of perspective production technologies of fruits and grapes, and the requirements for energy saving and ecology. There is a conclusion that it is necessary to develop the domestic machines for mechanization of the most labor-intensive processes of landing, cutting, defoliation of plants, and beveling of herbs in the row-spacings. So it is necessary to introduce more in the production the limit applied diskators of type BDM-25x2 and reconstructed OP-2000 sprayers, with prospect of their replacement of more perfect types, for example "NARDI" (Denmark). The addresses of producers and dealers of mechanization means are given in the article.
Now in the international practice for research of internal structures of plant organisms the various methods of introscopic researches are used. The micro focal X-ray analysis is the most objective, exact and fast method of registration of the latent defects. During carrying out the researches the techniques of determination of quality of accretion of the grafted grapes seedling, damage rates of material by a vascular necrosis and the methods of evaluation of grapes seed quality were developed and approved. Experimental studies showed that receiving of sharp and contrast pictures is provided by the following operating modes of the equipment: voltage is 30 kV, current of a tube is 150 , an exposition is 0,3 sec. The specified parameters of shooting allowed to judge with the most accuracy the size, form and density of details of making object. The developed by us the radiographic method of an assessment of grapes buds safety allows, without destroying of research object, to visualize all its internal form-building structures, and, therefore, and their dense, volume and linear anomalies, and this method allows to diagnose the existence or lack of buds injury.