Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm Kuban of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer Chelate Antistress against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.
Rationing the bush load with shoots and bunches allows to effectively manage the productivity of grapes. The research is to study the productive variability of grapes under the influence of differentiation of bush load with shoots and bunches, to optimize the regulations of agrotechnology of the table variety Livia (Flamingo × Arcadia) on the Oppenheim SO4 rootstock. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, in vineyards with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.8×2.0 m. The variety has a high responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the bunch size and the yield capacity of grapes when varying the number of vegetative and generative organs in plants. This makes it possible to optimize the regulations of bush management for obtaining high yields and large bunches of grapes. The largest bunch size, 567 g, is formed in the presence of 25 shoots and 28 bunches per bush; the highest yield capacity, 23.34 t/ha, including commodity yield capacity 20.59 t/ha, is formed with 25 shoots and 33-35 bunches per bush. Grape yield capacity against the background of increased and reduced bush load with bunches are in a strong and direct correlation with the shoot load. Against the background of an increased load of bushes with bunches, the correlation coefficient is r = 0.71; with a reduced load, r = 0.99. Against the background f a moderate load of bushes with bunches, the correlation dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is moderate and direct (r = 0.49). The bunch weight of grapes is in close and medium direct dependence on the load of bushes with shoots, close and average inverse dependence on their number.
The table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the differentiated load of bushes with shoots and bunches on the agrobiological properties of grapes, to substantiate the variety-oriented technology for the Podarok Nesvetaya grape variety. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in covered culture with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.5×3.5 m. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The climate is moderate continental. The average annual air temperature for 1991-2020 is +12.7 ºC, the minimum drops to -27.7 ºC, the maximum rises to +40.7 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures above +10 ºC on average for 30 years is 3945 ºC. The total precipitation is 729 mm. A change in the bunch weight and the grape yield is observed under the changes of bush load with shoots and bunches changes in these conditions. The largest bunch weight, 548 g, is formed with a load of 57 shoots and 43 bunches per bush, the highest yield capacity, 25.88 t/ ha, with a load of 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush. The correlation between the bunch weight and the number of shoots is direct and average, r = 0.51, and the inverse and strong dependence on the number of bunches, r = -0.71. The dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is direct and moderate, r = 0.32, on the number of bunches direct and strong, r = 0.90. To obtain stable and high yields of grapes of Podarok Nesvetaya variety on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 in the Central agroecological zone of irrigated viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the norm of loading of bushes with 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush is recommended. For obtaining large bunches the norm of loading with shoots is 57 pcs./bush and bunches is 43 pcs./bush.
Currently, due to the active development of viticulture and the expansion of the assortment of cultivated varieties, the current direction of research is the study of promising genotypes and the assessment of the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the productivity and quality of finished products. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of the load of bushes with shoots on the productivity, quality of grapes and wine from the Granatovyi variety growing in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2). The studies were conducted in 2020-2022. The field experiment included three experimental variants of loading bushes with shoots 1) 100,000 shoots/ha; 2) 120,000 shoots/ha; 3) 140,000 shoots/ha. It is established that the fruitfulness coefficients decrease with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, and an increase in the number of inflorescences occurs due to an increase in the number of shoots. The productivity of Granatovyi grape variety ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 kg per bush. It is noted that with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, the range of fluctuations in the mass concentration of sugars increases from 2.2 g/100 cm3 to 3.5 g/100 cm3 . The samples of dry wines in bulk (wine materials) with a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare had the greatest stability of the tasting assessment over the years the fluctuation interval was no more than 0.2 points. For the Granatovyi grape variety in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2), a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare (36 shoots per bush with a planting scheme of 3.0x1.0 m) is recommended to ensure the receipt of 4.8 kg of high-quality grapes from the bush and the production of wine materials with a tasting score of 8.2 points.
In 2022-2023, in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (OOO Abrau-Durso, Novorossiysk), an agrobiological study of the effectiveness of using foliar top dressing of grapes with aqueous solutions of the BioconcentrateZ effluent was carried out using field experience. A new, environmentally friendly, safe organic fertilizer was obtained using a biotechnological method of metangeneration with the participation of anaerobic bacteria by-products of animal husbandry, as well as compost mixtures based on them with plant biomass. In accordance with the characteristics of the composition of the drug, "Bioconcentrate-Z" consists mainly of humic and fulvic acids. The fertilizer also contains a complex of macro- and microelements, phytohormones (in micro quantities), growth regulators, strains of living rhizospheric soil microorganisms, amino acids. The drug is non-toxic, does not contain heavy metals, meets the requirements of GOST 33380-2015 "Organic fertilizers. The effluent. Technical conditions", is intended for use in the system of organic and biologized agriculture based on international standards of organic agriculture. As a result of studying the effectiveness of foliar treatment of grape plants with the "Bioconcentrate Z" effluent, the prospects of using the method of increasing plant stability and productivity against the background of the negative influence of abiotic factors according to the criteria were revealed: assimilation and metabolic activity of plants, economic productivity, dynamics of accumulation of dry substances by berries, commercial quality of the yield. Against the background of the use of the drug, in comparison with the control variant (without treatments), a higher assimilation activity of leaves during the summer period of photosynthesis depression, an increase in the content of organic acids, phenolic compounds, f ree amino acids, including the osmoprotector proline, was established. The increase in yield in 2022 and 2023 was obtained mainly due to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush and the mass of the bunch due to its higher density.