Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The purpose of the carried out research is development of a way of a formation of sweet cherry trees on a high growing rootstock at high density of plants landing (5,0 x 2,0m). Research are carried out under the soil climatic conditions of LLC "Interinvest", of Stavropol Region. Objects of research are the sweet cherry varieties of various ecological-geographical origin: Zemfira, General-skaya, Donetskiy Ugolyok. The results of research allowing to recommend the new system of pruning of sweet cherry trees on strongly growing rootstock are presented in this article. At this system the low-trunk skeleton of crown with vertically growing the same branches is formed. Periodic rejuvenation of these branches will promote the formation in a crown of young flexible branches (5-6 years). It allows you to carry out the harvesting of sweet cherry fruits without garden ladders and it increases in labor productivity. Use of a strongly growing rootstock stimulates the rapid growth of vertically focused branches in a crown of trees, increases in intensity of process of generative buds formation and accelerates the plants introduction in fructification that gives the chance of getting of industrial harvest of sweet cherry fruits for 2-3 year after laying of branches. It is noted that when increase in stressful influences during cultivation (a heat, a drought, hot dry winds, the frosts) the new system of formation of sweet cherry trees on a strongly growing rootstock in the gardens of intensive type increases in resistance of plants to influence of stressful factors of the environment. When forming a harvest of sweet cherry fruits on the vertical highly growing branches during the early-spring periods of vegetation the decrease in harvest loss from frosts, and also from a hail that more damages the horizontal branches of trees is reached.
In the pilot study on vineyards of the Rostov Region it is established that by optimization of the scheme of bushes planting the efficiency of lands use and the efficiency of plantings productivity are increasing. In case of dense landing it is possible to receive the required amount of grapes from the smaller area of plantings. Considering the relevance of a problem of rational use of land resources in the productional process of grapes and insufficient study of influence of the scheme of bushes planting in the perennial plantings, we have set the object is to reveal the optimal scheme and density of bushes planting using the criterions of productivity for increase in efficiency of use of land resources in the wine growing branch. The reliable influence of the different scheme and density of bushes landing to change of efficiency of grapes plantings under the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture of the South of Russia is established. The research are carried out on Riesling Rhine vineyards in the stationary two factorial field experiment with a different width of row-spacings and different distance between bushes under the conditions of the increased solar insolation, uneven falling of atmospheric precipitations and their deficit during the main periods of vegetation. Under the abnormal weather conditions the vineyards were put according to the scheme 3,5×1,0 and 3,0×1,5 meters have the greatest efficiency. In these options at the density of planting of 2857 and 2222 bushes on hectare the productivity of grapes was the greatest, on average is 12,25 t/hectare. Receiving the same harvest with other schemes of bushes planting will require to use the bigger land area. It convincingly proves the need of application of the optimized ways of bushes grapes planting for effective use of land resources in the agricultural production.
The purpose of these research is the definition of influence extent of manual and chemical rate setting of flowers and an ovary the harvest formation, commodity quality of fruits, the contents of biologically active substances in the fruits, and also the influence of that technique the formation of the assimilate and acquiring fruit surface of apple-tree under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The research were carried out in 2011-2015 in the apple-tree plantings of Minkar and Golden Delishes, on a M 9 rootstock, on the Scientific-production plot of the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening. Rate setting of trees load have included the manual thinning of flowers and an ovary, and also the chemical processing of an ovary by phytohormonal preparations (Arbolin, Gibberellin); the control group in the experience is the winter pruning of trees without rate setting. Accounting and observations in the experiments were made according to the standard techniques of research in the gardening. It is shown that the most essential increase in productivity of both studied apple varieties is reached when processing an ovary by Arbolin 16,3 kg/tree; the group with trees processing by Gibberellin differs insignificantly on this indicator 15,0 kg/tree. The largest mass of fruits is observed when thinning an ovary by Arbolin. It is established as a result of the carried out research that the most perspective from the tested techniques of rate setting according to a complex of indicators is the chemical thinning of an ovary by phytohormonal preparation of Arbolin. The use of this preparation increased in fruit formation and an assimilatory surface of apple-trees by 1,3-1,6 times, productivity on 14 %, the fruits mass on 24 %, output of fruits of the highest commodity grade has increased in 15 % and at the same time the share of second grade fruits has decreased 2,7 times. Profitability of this technique in our experiences is 299 %.
The loading of grape bushes with a harvest must be carried out so that the most productive zone of grapes shoot could provide the largest level of realization of economic efficiency potential of varieties and high quality of grapes and wine production. The purpose of this work is to study the growth processes of grapes plants, and to determine the conformity of natural lows of placement of the most productive zone along shoot length and to optimize the regulation regime of growth functions and qualitative indicators of a harvest. The experimental research have been carried out under the very drought conditions of 2015 vegetation in the Black Sea agric and ecological viticulture area in the field stationary experiment. An object of our research is a Riesling Rhine technical grapes with the different scheme of bushes planting. In the course of work carrying out the unequal laying of grapes clusters along a shoot length of plant was found. The results of carried out research have shown that in years with the big deficit of an atmospheric precipitation and the bigger solar activity during vegetation the most productive area of shoot length of a grapes plant there was the fourth knot. In this zone of shoot the mass of grapes clusters was the greatest, but the smallest mass of clusters was on the second, first and fifth knots of shoot. On the other knots of shoots the grapes clusters were not observed. On the basis of the results of the field experiment we made the conclusion that for loading regulation of grapes bushes with a harvest it is recommended to leave on plants the most developed and large grapes clusters on the fourth shoot's knot and if it is necessary to remove the small and underdeveloped grapes clusters on the first and second knots of shoots.
The purpose of research is to study the feature of growth, development and fructification of the Crystal grapes in the intensive orchards in case of various schemes of plants landing and ways of maintaining and forming of grapes bushes. The relevance of our work is to study the manifestation of the main agric and biological signs of grapes when the studied agric methods are using. The research were conducted on the grafted vineyards of the Cristal grapes on Cober 5 BB placed in the Novocherkassk District of the Rostov Region. Agric-biological accounting and observations are carried out using the well known technique of agric-technical research. It is shown that the long vines pruning with big formation of bushes has led to restriction of vines selection for the harvest of the current year. On bushes with smaller gabitusa, when dense scheme of landing the choice range of vines for the harvest widens and it significantly reflects in the indicators of shoots productivity. It is found that the highest indicators of load in the grapes orchards of the Crystal variety with bushes form as a small pan in case of 3,00,5 scheme of landing. In case of increase in a distance between bushes to 1,5 m, the load standard decreases in 1,5-2 times. The bushes in case of rare landing were more productive, but productivity of orchards in general, on the contrary, was higher in case of the dense scheme of plants landing. The good ability of sugar capacity of the Crystal grapes is noted even in case of the maximal productivity (18,0 t/hectare), the essential decrease in the berries juice of sugar content did not occur. The highest output per man and productivity of vineyards are noted on the middle trunk small pan type formations with plant landing dense (3,0x0,5 m).