Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The technology of processing of the soil applied now on vineyards on system of black steam is followed by degradation of the soil, the natural process of reproduction of fertility is broken. For decrease in mechanical impact on the soil the biological and resource-saving ways of the maintenance of the soil of vineyards and the effective use of natural resources in productional process of grapes are offered. Merits and demerits of the existing technological processes and cars providing the reproduction of soil fertility are noted. The perspective way of the maintenance of row-spaces of grapes (patent No. 2459399 C1) allowing to eliminate the existing defects is offered: to decrease of mechanical load on the soil, its consolidation, to restore soil fertility. The biological system of the soil maintenance is its basis: the grassy plants sowed in grapes row-spaces remain on a root in adjacent to a soil surface state. So as don't prevent the vegetation of grapes, a grass is bended. The "pillow" formed thus from a continuous grass cover (a vegetative mulch) protects the soil from an overheat, keeps the soil moisture in a hot season, prevents a deep freezing of the soil in the winter, reduces wind and water erosion, deformation of the soil by cars and slows down a mineralization of organic substances. Involvement of organic weight provides the reproduction of water and physical properties and fertility of the soil. At such maintenance of the soil the productivity of grapes plantings increases, power and labor expenses decrease.
The results of complex agric and technological research of the soil maintenance of row-spaces of industrial vineyards of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The long-term technogenic impact on the soil of heavy machinery and toxic agric chemicals at traditional agric technology of grapes cultivation is noted. Changes of physical and chemical composition of the soil and its structure are shown. As a result its biologically active potential reduces. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides in the upper soil horizon is established. The obtained data confirm the proceeding process of biological degradation of the soil of long-term plantings. The purpose of our researches is to develop and improve the way of the soil maintenance of vineyards allowing to restore and stabilize the energy potential of agric orchards. Research were conducted in the vine-growing zones of the South of Kuban in the industrial plantings of a specialized farm. "Mirnyi" of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region. Objects of research is production planting of a technical grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon of 2004 landing, the scheme of planting of bushes - is 4×2 m. Ecological and toxicological monitoring of the soil of grapes plantings was carried out by the technique developed and patented (patent No. 2380888) by toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V. Definition of the pesticides remains in the soil and grapes was carried out by the approved techniques. The developed way of the soil maintenance is based on complex use of organic fertilizer at additional entering into the soil of effective microorganisms. Advantages of this way are the decrease in impurity of the soil toxic chemicals; the improvement of physical and chemical composition and structure of the soil; the increase in productivity of grapes on average by 13,3 %; the decrease in production costs of grapes cultivation by 2,6 %; an increase of net profit by 56,5 %.
The Crimea is known as a recreational zone where a question of early receipt of fresh grapes during a resort season, and also the extension of the period of its consumption is very urgent. For the solution of this task the cultivation of grapes of early table varieties under the conditions of the covered soil is offered, that will provide the super early harvests. The agric and biological characteristics of table varieties of very early maturing are studied. The variability of beginning and passings of phenological phases is established, the potential efficiency and productivity is defined. The economic effect of cultivation of grapes varieties under the conditions of the uncovered and covered soil is estimated. Four table grapes varieties of very early maturing - Arkadia (control), Vostorg, Kodryanka, Livya are researched. It is shown that Arkadia and Kodryanka varieties have the rather late blooming of buds in the covered soil, and in the open soil. It is established that under the conditions of the covered soil the technological maturity of the studied grapes varieties in average comes in the second decade of July, at the same time a difference in terms of approach of technological maturity is in average 25 days. The smallest harvest from a bush is received for Vostorg grapes in covered soil (7,5 kg), and in the open ground (6,9 kg). The top yield is received at Livya variety in the covered soil - 11,2 kg. Indicators of net profit of Vostorg grapes have not insignificant distinctions when use the various technologies of cultivation. The Arkadia grapes (847,5 thousand rub/hectare), the Kodryanka (956,9 thousand rub/hectare) and the Livya (1291,4 thousand rub/hectare) allow you to gain the high economic effect of grapes cultivation in the covered soil.
The purpose of research is development of scientific based system of processing methods of plum cultivation with steady big harvest on different rootstocks for intensive technologies that is the important instrument of import substitution; selection of optimal systems of crown formation for the concrete scion-rootstock's combinations that allows you to reduce the labor input of works, this system reduces the costs of harvesting and positively influences on the maximal realization of biological potential of plants. For conditions of the South of Russia the system of effective processing methods of industrial plum production on weak growing and middle growing rootstocks within the implementation of the Doctrine of food security of Russia is developed and approved. In research the rootstocks which are the most demanded in the South of Russia, including the new domestic breeding clonal rootstocks of BS-2 (VIR Krymsk station) and PKG-25-1 (NCRRIH&V) are used. In the course of four years' work the most rational parameters are determined and also the system of crown formation of trees of various growth force providing the optimization of physiological condition of plants. The responsiveness of various scion-rootstock's plum combinations of Stenly on intra soil and leaf top dressing is studied, the scheme of measures for protection of plants against vermins and diseases is offered. Efficiency of the offered system of processing methods is confirmed with increase in productivity of plantings on average for 2,7-4,4%, in comparison with the production technological scheme of plum cultivation accepted in the economy; decrease in prime cost of a unit of production by 2,6-6,7%; decrease in technogenic impact on the soil by 10-15%; receiving considerable additional profit (from 72,4 to 89,9 thousand rubles/hectare); increase in profitability of fruits production (for 7,73-12,9 %).
The fruit garden reconstruction within old territory organizations does not meet the requirements of soil protection from water erosion. The effects of water erosion of soil when the garden rows orientation along the slope are shown in the article. The aim of this work was the development of measures to remove the water erosion in the orchards on slopes and to create the optimal conditions for growth and fruiting of fruit trees in the Stavropol Region. It is established that at the straight forward trees placement on slopes the intenseve water erosion processes are developed. The low-cost complex of anti-erosion measures when reconstruction of fruit gardens within the boundaries of the old quarters is proposed. The contour system of trees planting without gradient of rows excludes the additional erosion control measures and improves the water regime of the soil in the garden, because all water spreads along the row. The contour system of trees placement can be used in the foothill areas with slopes steep up to 8-10. The roads in the gardens with contour trees placement are under grass and they have a horizontal direction to reduce the water erosion. The cold air flows down into the valley, and it significantly increases in the frost resistance of trees. The main criterion limiting the use of this technology is the steepness of the slope, that hinder to safe operation of agricultural machinery in the contour plantings. The basic parameters of low-cost technology in the fruit gardens without support construction: the use of scab immune apple varieties and variety-rootstock combinations with good earnestly, the dense placing of trees, the space rows are under grass, the processing around trunks using herbicides etc.