Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The degree of defeat of grapes plants by harmful organisms depends on biological features of the cultivated varieties and their adaptive potential and efficiency of protective measures. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region now there are about 30 harmful organisms capable to destroy more than 10% of a harvest and even to cause the death of bushes. The wine prepared from grapes of the sick bushes is worse on qualitative indexes that the wine materials from grapes of healthy bushes. Our task is to study the influence of the scheme of planting of Riesling grapes bushes on a phytosanitary condition of plantings. Adaptive reaction of plants in case of different schemes of landing was researched. Research is carried out under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area, the central subband of wine growing of Krasnodar Region (Anapa). The observations of a phytosanitary condition of grapes plants during their vegetation we carried out using a technique of evaluation of varieties resistance to the dominating harmful organisms. In the article the results of studying of a susceptibility of plants to harmful organisms at the different density of landing of Riesling grapes bushes are presented. The steady tendency of spreading and strengthening of intensity of mildew development is established in case of increase in density of bushes planting. The greatest spread and intensity of disease development were observed in the grapes plantings in case of density of bushes planting 2,0 × 1,0 m, the smallest spread - at the landing density of bushes - 3,5 × 2,0 m. It is shown that degree of grapes defeat increases in case of decrease of row-spacings width from 3,5 to 2,0 m and in case of decrease of distance between bushes from 2,0 to 1,0 m, irrespective of row-spacings width.
Viability of a phytopathogen extremely depends on conformity of the environmental conditions to requirements of this organism. Variability of weather conditions defines the variety of an ecological situation in which the alive organisms including pathogens live and develop. In this article it is presented the information about change of weather conditions in recent years (2010-2015) in the Rostov Region and about influence of these changes on development and spreading of phytopathogens in the grapes plantings. The research are carried out in the production plantings of the Experimental field of ARRIV&W on a natural background of development of fungal diseases, with participation of grapes varieties various on a susceptibility to diseases. Experimental research was carried out using the standard techniques in wine growing. The assessment of injuriousness and prevalence of harmful objects and their ranging were carried out using the method of A. I. Talash. The results of the phytomonitoring research demonstrate the change of injuriousness of the main phytopathogens depending on weather conditions. When comparing the long-term experimental data on defeat by diseases to indicators for 2010-2015, it is possible to state the reduction of contamination of grapes plants mycoses even in case of reduction of number of protective processings. At the same time the quantity of the reaped crop, and also his quality (sugar content and acidity of berries juice) have been at the level of average annual values. It is shown that the depressive development of phytopathogens during the majority of vegetation phases promotes the increase in a harvest of grapes and improvement of its quality due to the best maturing of berries, and also to reduction of number of processings on vineyards that allow you to reduce the pesticid load and to improve the ecology of an ampelocenosis.
The article reports the results of multi-year monitoring of zonal peculiarities of development of complex of diseases and pests on grapes plantations of the Crimea under the conditions of climate change, wide introduction of foreign grapevine planting material and significant change of the range of plant protection means. It has been established that the following pests and diseases are wide spread annually in all viticultural zones: downy mildew, powdery mildew, Botrytis cinerea, Lobesia botrana, thrips, Eriophyes vitis; focally develop Schizotetranychus pruni and Tetranychus urticae, Viteus vitifolii, bud pests (Otiorrhynchus spp., Theresia ampelophaga and others); while black rot, black spot, Alternaria spp. and Helicoverpa armigera are characterized by periodic injuriousness. Due to changes in the assortment of insecticides and acaricides applied in the vineyards we can observe the increase in sucking arthropod populations of planting: Eriophyes vitis Pgst., a complex of phytophagous thrips (Thripidae), leaf form of Phylloxera vastatrix. On the other hand, there was a decrease in the spread of spider mites (Tetranychidae). The decline in the level of agric and technical practices applied on industrial vineyards resulted in the tendency to accumulate the bud pests and pests that damage the perennial wood of grapes plants. In recent years the following invasive for the Crimea diseases and pests have progressively developed in the vineyards: Bois noir, leafhoppers (Stictocephala bubalus, Arboridia kakogawana, Scaphoideus titanus). It was found that the following identified aboriginal species of cycads pose have a potential hazard for the stable development of Crimean viticulture: Hyalestes obsoletus Sign., Hyalesthes luteipes Fieb., Reptalus melanochaetus Duf. They are capable to spread the phytoplasma infection.
The results of the research on the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot in the vine plantations of different varieties under the conditions of the Lower Don are presented. It is noted that the white rot in the vineyards of the Rostov Region was not a common disease, so it was not studied enough. Since 2010, there has been a trend of increasing in the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot. In our opinion, the reasons for this were the accumulation of pathogen infection, climate change and the processes occurring in the biology of the pathogen, its high flexibility and adaptability to environmental conditions and the presence of susceptible varieties. Intense lose of berries is observed due to various damages: hailstorm, mechanical injuries, insects, diseases; sunburn and due to insufficient agronomic activities. In the case of optimal conditions for germination of the fungus spores the berries may be affected even through the intact tissue. Under the particularly favorable conditions for the pathogen the large crop losses up to 50 % or more may occur. We have found that the development of white rot in the agro-climatic zone of the Lower Pre Don is observed in the berries only, and the appearance of symptoms of the disease depends directly on the phase of development of the grapes from the end of berry's growth to the start of its softening. The appearance of the first signs of berries infection, depending on weather conditions of the year, was noted usually during the second or third decade of July the most favorable conditions for the pathogen. In recent years, the harmfulness of white rot increases due to increase of insects that damage plants and due to increase in the quantity of insects in the vineyards of the Lower Don.