Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The article presents the results of field experiments to determine the biological effectiveness of the disorientation method with the help of "BREEZ" dispensers in comparison with the traditional apple-tree protection system from the apple moth. The method is the disorientation of the males of the codling moth by creating an excessive concentration of female pheromones. The male can not find the female and fertilize it, as a result, the caterpillar from eggs does not degenerate, and damage of the fruit does not occur. Pheromones from the dispenser are released gradually, in the period from April to September (120-150 days), depending on the intensity of the wind and temperature. The dispenser effectively reduces and keeps the number of codling moth in all generations during the season. The experiments were carried out on 16 plots in 13 largest fruit farms of various horticultural zones of the Krasnodar Territory. At 7 sites pheromones of BREEZE were hung, but treatment with insecticides was carried out in full, but at 9 plots the insecticide treatments for codling moth were canceled. Dispersers were hung in the phenophase "flowering beginning" at the rate of 20 m2 one disperser. In total, 500 pieces / ha are hanged, evenly over the entire protected area to a height of 2/3 of the tree from the surface of the earth. Throughout the growing season, the observation the biology of phytophagous development were made. It is established that the inclusion of BREEZE pheromones in apple protection systems allowed to control the phytophagus by 99.2-99.7 %, while reducing the pesticide load and the cost of purchasing insecticides by 25-67 %.
The study of the changes in the characteristics of plant tolerance in the process of vegetative reproduction is of considerable interest for fruit crops propagated by bud grafting and other types of grafting and other methods, due to the large economic significance of viral infections. There are many plum varieties manifested the tolerance to infection of plum shark (PPV) virus. These varieties practically do not lose the yield and quality of the fruit in case of PPV infection. It is believed that tolerance can be determined by changes in plant metabolism caused by the penetration and multiplication of viruses. The purpose of this study is to gain the new knowledge about the tolerance of domestic plum-tree to viral infections in order to reveal the regularities of change in susceptibility of plum plants to virus of PPV. This paper presents the results of studying the tolerance of the plum domestic varieties to Sharkey's virus on the criterion the manifestation of symptomatology in the leaves of sapling. The urgency of study is determined by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV) at the cultivation of stone fruit crops. The presence or the absence of the symptomatology of virus infection is the sign of different receptivity of the plum varieties to the infection. The symptoms of contamination in a course of infection are not manifested in the steady varieties, they are manifested in the less steady varieties. As a result of study of the external infection manifestation (simptoms) and diagnostics of virus carrying by the method of PCR-analysis it is found that the part of vegetative posterity of the same varieties PPV virus carriers have been appeared the signs of infection by Sharkey's plum virus in the form of specific annular patch effect, but the part of the sapling did not appear the infection signs, that also is the peculiarity of different receptivity in the vegetative generation (saplings). This means that the tolerance, as a plant property, is able to change in a course of vegetative reproduction.
It is noted in the article that the theoretically modeled potential world range of invasion of a brown-marmorated stink bug based on abiotic conditions covers the vast territories of different continents. Today, this species appears in quarantine lists in the many countries of the world. This species has become an economically significant phytophage for many crops and in the countries of the Black Sea Region Georgia and Abkhazia. The Krasnodar Territory is favorable for the harmful spread of brown-marmorated stink bug according to climatic conditions. The large phytosanitary risk for the agricultural crop production of the Kuban, and in particular for viticulture, induce to start the regular monitoring observations and the study of the bioecological characteristics of the invader in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia Region (Krasnodar Territory) in order to contain the invasion and to develop the control measures of phytofug spreading. This article provides an analysis of the scientific literature on the history of the global spread of a dangerous invasive species of vermins the brown-marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Behavioral characteristics of his, the range of host plants, the nature of harm are described. The intensification of globalization processes, the increase in traffic flows, the climatic changes, and the huge biotic potential of the bug as wide polyphagia, high fecundity, vector and migration activity make him potentially dangerous vermin for agricultural crop production of the Krasnodar Territory and especially for fruit crops and grapes. Study carried out on monitoring the distribution of the invader in the territory of Western Ciscaucasia, verification the range of plants which this species began to damage, and the gender structure of populations have allowed to conclude that the species is in a state of active development for a new range.
In the 2016-2017 the etiology of summer grape rots affecting Muscat Blanc grapes in conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea studied. These rots are becoming more and more important economically and can lead to the loss of up to 80% of the ripening harvest. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is a complex one and is caused by the development of such species as Botrytis cinerea Pers., Guignardia baccae (Cav.) Jasz., Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Rizopus nigricans Ehr., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Penicillium sp. It was established that sour rot prevails in the structure of berry rots affecting grapes by the harvest time (the third decade of August and the first and second decades of September). We studied how various affecting Muscat Blanc grapes berry rot pathogens depend on the temperature regime and berry juice sugar content. A strong correlation was established between the intensity of oidium development and damage to the grapes caused by thrips and the level of sour rot development. Laboratory and field experiments provided data on the biological effectiveness of modern specialized fungicides in controlling the development of grape rot pathogens. Fungicides application proved insufficient in preventing harvest loss of Muscat Blanc grapes from sour rot. To effectively control this disease, it is necessary to develop a separate set of measures, including those aimed at improving the mechanical strength of the grape berry skin, prevent oidium and herbivore thrips damage to the epidermis during berry growth, limit the development of fruit flies during the ripening of grapes.
The data of long-term study to research the bioecology of the codling moth, miner mothes and garden leafworms under conditions of weather changes in the Krasnodar Territory are presented. The time of occurrence and development dura-tion of individual stages of vermins are determined, the species composition of the Lepidoptera is founded. The most harmful species of phytophages are identified, on which the construction of protection programs is focused, among which the apple codling moth is most common and harmful. For successful protection from the codling moth, it is necessary to establish the time frame or the appearance of vulnerable stages of its development. Depending on weather conditions, the beginning of fly takes place at 42.7-95.9 º; mass fly at 58.9-145.9 º; the beginning of the release of caterpillars from eggs at 139.4-201.3 º. Embryonic development in spring takes place in 9-10 days at a temperature of + 15.4 ... + 20.6 º; in summer for 5-7 days at a temperature of + 18.6 ... + 30 º. The development of caterpillars takes 23-25 days at a temperature of + 18.8 ... + 25.9 º and 13-18 days at a temperature of + 21.9 ... +30 º. It has been established that the mass fly of the codling moth butterflies coincides with the period of egg laying by miner moths, the hatching of caterpillars, the onset of pupation of some garden leafworms, and processing of the orchard against the codling moth provides a reduction in the number of these vermins too. The obtained data allow to theoretically calculate the processing time. To destroy the overwintering caterpillars, before leaving them from the wintering grounds and before penetration into a bud, there treatment of plants with chemical synthetic insecticides or preparations of natural origin. After blossoming of apple tree, it is advisable to carry out the processing using the hormone preparations, which are the most effective and environmentally friendly. It was noted that for successful protection from the codling moth, garden leafworm and miner moths it is necessary to establish the phytophagous population density in the autumn and spring; and the forecast of vermin development taking into account the abundance of the remaining part of the population after wintering.