Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the Astrakhan Region in recent years it is very problematicly to receive a big crop of pear fruits due to wide spreading of a pear sucker. The pear sucker is the specific wrecker. Under the conditions of her spreading the yield of pear�s fruits is lost and the trees are damaged also. The trees damaged by a pear sucker have an ugly form and the dry branches. It is established that under the conditions of the Astrakhan Region the high number of larvas of a pear sucker is noted in the period of forming of pear�s fruits and it promotes the essential loss of fruit�s crop. Against a pear sucker the two groups of chemical preparations are applied from the list of the pesticides allowed in the territory of Russia: the organic phosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. By the experiences we studied the efficiency of application of two insecticides � Fufanon and Decis Profi of different chemical groups, during of sharp increase of pest number. The purpose of work was to determine which preparation possesses the bigger biological efficiency in suppression of the wrecker. Experiments were conducted with a pear of the French breeding of Beret Bosque. The biological efficiency of preparations was determined by decrease of the number of larvas of a pear sucker concerning the control. It is proved that the efficiency of application of an insecticide Fufanon, KE was at the level of 98,3-100% for the period of 21 days, the effect from processing of Decis Profi, VDG was respectively 97,5-100%. It is established that the single treatment of pear's trees of Beret Bosque by insecticides of Fufanon, KE and Decis Profi during vegetation, at the summer period of birth of pear�s sucker promotes the high protection (97,5-100%) of pear�s fruits from damages by a pear sucker.

Annotation

In the decision of actual tasks to keep the high production level of fruit plants the equally important has the study of popalation's features of causative agents of fungal diseases for optimization of pathosystem�s regulation. It is noted that the impact of weather stressors in the recent years led to a significant weakness of stone fruit crops and reduce of their protective capacity and it caused the increase of bacterial susceptibility of fruit plants to pests. The phytosanitary monitoring revealed a significant structural and functional changes in the micopatocenosis of stone fruit cultures in the Krasnodar Region under the changed environmental conditions. It is noted the steady tendency of further increase of aggression of dominant pathogens. The appearance of new harmful species and patocomplex are observed. On the varieties of cherry and sweet cherry of all groups of sustainability it is noted the formation of a large number of apothecia of hibernate stage of coccomicose pathogen, significantly exceeding the critical level of harmfulness. Their number on the one leaf of fruit stone plants varies from 2 to 1000. There is the increasing of the aggression of fungus pathogen Monilia cinerea Bon.: its spreading up to 80-90% on the apricot, on cherry � up to 40%, on the plum � up to 10-15%. The tendency of preservation of early infection of leaves of stone fruit trees of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh is established: this is the first decade of April. It is noted the formation of patocomplexes on plant's leaves as more adaptive ways of species existence. In the nursery of Central zone of Krasnodar Region the symptoms of defeat of sweet cherry seedlings by Gloesporium sp. are fixed. The conclusion is made that the study of influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors of environment on the dynamics of development of diseases of stone fruit cultures will help to develop the new elements of ecological technologies of fruit plantation's protection.

Annotation

In the monitoring of plum pox virus a method of cartograms developed in N�RRIH&V showed the high information content. The method gives the opportunity to display graphically the characteristics of transfer of a plum pox virus in a studied area by comparison of data for a certain period. The work purpose is to reveal the features of spreading of a plum pox virus in the experimental planting by means of a cartogram's method. Since 2007 we carried out an annual monitoring of experimental plum planting for description of dynamics of spreading of a plum pox virus. Diagnostics of varieties samples for definition of disease�s etiology is carried out. The efficiency of determination of main parameters of virus spreading (speed and degree of spreading, localization) is studied. By this method on the card of fruit planting the trees with disease symptoms are graphically displayed. It is established that during 2007-2013 the plum pox virus spreading increased by 5 times at Kabardinskaya rannya and in 2013 it means 44,5% (initial level is 8,3 %). On the Stenley plum the increase is noted by 3 times � 24,2 % (initial level is 7,3 %). Average speed of a virus spreading is determined by a cartogram�s method (on the Kabardinskaya rannya is 6,4 % in a year, on Stenley variety is 3,5 %). On the basis of the analysis of the obtained data we made the conclusion about determination of varieties and topological distinctions of dynamics of a virus spreading. It is indicated that a source of an virus infection is the infected landing material. The results of research confirm the connection of spreading level of a plum pox virus with number of sucking wreckers during the previous vegetative period.

Annotation

An analytical review of information about the content of residual amounts of background pollutants in the individual components of the environment is presented. From date of entry into force of the technical regulations of the Customs Union the insecticides of organochlorine synthesis (HOS) we carried to the global xenobiotics. DDT-4,4 and HCCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) are considered the most toxic of them. The aim of our study was to conduct the monitoring of DDT and HCCH in the garden agricenosis of central and the Black Sea areas of horticulture of Krasnodar Territory. On the basic of analysis of experimental research the presence of residual amounts of HCCH and DDT in 100% of soil samples of an apple orchard is noted; their concentration ranged between 0,003-0,026 mg / kg, that is below the limit. The monitoring of dynamics of DDT and HCCH in the apple fruits showed that the remains of xenobiotics are fixed in 82-84% of the selected samples in the quantities not exceeding the hygienic regulations (0,021-0,003 mg / kg). Direct relationship of DDT and HCCH content in the soil and fruit of the garden orchards in the center and the Black Sea fruit zones of Krasnodar Region is not revealed. During study of HOS migration in the soil of apple orchard it is revealed that the most quantity of toxicants is in the 0-60 cm soil layer. Significant difference between quantitative indicators of xenobiotic's content in the soil layers of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were not found. The remains of toxicants are fixed in amounts 20-100 times lower than the maximum permissible. The obtained data on the duration of the retaintion of HOS residues indicate that there is a tendency to reduce the level of contamination of these toxicants of soil and open water body.

Annotation

In the article the results of long-term investigations of species composition of garden tortrix moths in the fruit cultivations of Krasnodar Region are given. The research were conducted by methods of laboratory analyses, route and stationary inspections of the fruit plantings processed and not processed by pesticides, situated in various zones of gardening of Krasnodar Region. For establishment of specific accessory of wreckers were used the determinants of agricultural wreckers and methodical recommendations. The prevailing forms are isolated. The structure and the conformity to natural lows of formation of the complexes of garden tortrix moths and special features of biology of their development in the region are studied. The periods and the criterions of the expediency of insecticidal treatments of fruit planting are determined. The dynamics of dominant's change inside the indicated complexes is noted on the basis of the analysis of experimental data. The rhythm of cycles is 1-3 years. The steady dependence of seasonal dynamics from the changing abiotic conditions of medium is determined. The basic components of the trophostructural levels of garden tortrix moths were established. It is established that the time of output from the places of the wintering of the cluster and fruit variable tortrix moths is the phenophase of the apple tree development of �the baring of floscules� � �pink bud� with the sum of effective temperatures of 20,5�C. The development of pupa is 9-15 days, the embryogenesis is 6-13 days in accordance with weather conditions. Adoxophyes orana F.R. fruit tortricids and Archips podana Scop. output from the places of wintering at average daily temperature of +10� +12�C. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region the first caterpillars appear with the sum of effective temperatures of 25,3� 31,5�C. The weather conditions and the generation influence on the duration of the development of the separate stages: the pupa � is 10-14 days, the embryogenesis � is 8-11 days. The best results of protection from the wreckers are obtained during the application of hormonal preparations in the period of the discarding of eggs and the application of preparations of natural origin is in the period of the hatching of caterpillars.