Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The root rots are the dominant deseases of garden strawberry in the Krasnodar Region. About 80% of garden strawberry crop is lost from mycoses of roots and loss of plants in the nursery plantings is 1/3 or more. In the productions technology of strawberry berries the regulation of patocenoses is based on the application of ecological systems of culture's protection from the harmful organisms, that allow to keep a high quality of crop. The purpose of research is development of regulations of application of microbiological preparations for management of pathosystems in the agric cenoses of strawberry, ensuring the preservation of plants healthy and their productivity. The standard, author's and adapted techniques are used in the course of research. As a result of determination of biological efficiency of fungicides for control of root rots the high efficiency of fundazol is established: for Marmolada's variety is 70.4 %, for Bogota is 73,5%. Biological efficiency of microbiological fungicides was lower, than in case of application of fundazol chemical preparation. High vitality of strawberry plants is established in case of use of microbiological fungicides hetomin in the mix with biosil and vermiculen in the mix with biosil (91,3% and 87,2% respectively). The received results are interesting and give the basis for application of microbiological preparations for protection of strawberry from complex of root mycoses. Testing of microbiological preparations under the field conditions during treatment of strawberry roots showed the prospects of their use against pathogens of fundal nature causing diseases of strawberry under the conditions of Krasnodar Region. The conclusion is: the microbiological preparations show the antagonistic properties towards phytopathogens and stimulate the grouth effect on protected strawberry's plants.
The work's purpose is scientifically to found a method of control of grapes quality on indicators of hygienic safety, based on ecological systems and toxicological normalization and optimization of vineyards from harmful objects. The research were conducted in the viticulture zones of the South of Kuban (Anapa-Taman) in the industrial plantings of the specialized farms. Objects of research is production of grapes plantings of table and technical varieties. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during the spring and autumn period on the vineyards processed by pesticides. A problem of conducted research is to analyse and establish the main indicators forming the food safety of production. The results of complex ecological and toxicological research in viticulture under condition's of long-term technogenic impact on agric plots are presented. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides, the increase of their concentration in the food (trophic) chains and need of improvement of production for receiving ecologically safe products of grapes and wine is noted. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and the nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum AFA". It is established that for the period 2009-2013 at pesticidal load on grapes plantings (5,7 kg/hectare of fungicides; 5,3 kg/hectare of insecticides) the chemical's remains, exceeding the admissible norms, were found in the soil to 2,7 maximum concentration limits and in the grapes is to 3,0. In total it was found to 24 names of pesticides, including 10 toxic metabolites not less dangerous, than a preparation itself. By results of research the method of control of grapes quality in the biosystems of ampelocenosis using the indicators of hygienic safety is developed and scientifically reasonable. The main estimated characteristics of an after-effect of applied pesticides are defind and justified: the indicators of residual quantities of soil and season toxicants depending on agric and technical methods of grapes cultivation and their influence on food safety of production.
The modern concept of stable grapes production is based on the strategy of formation of steady agric cenosis with use of biotic and abiotic potential of high-adaptive varieties. The main harmful organisms in the vineyards of the South of Russia are mildew, anthranose, a bacterial cancer and others. At the defeat process of plants they break their growth processes, reduce the biological and economical efficiency and reduce the operation term of grapes plantings. Therefore there is the high need for grapes varieties steady against biotic and abiotic factors of environment. The purpose of this work is selection of genotypes steady against chronic diseases for use in breeding and industrial production. Research of influence of a phytosanitary condition of vineyards on growth and fruitage of V. Vinifera grapes varieties of different origin groups is carried out in the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of wine growing (Anapa). The objects of study five groups of grapes varieties of different ecological and geographical origin are used. The monitoring of phytosanitary status of grapes plants during their vegetation is carried out using the methods of estimation of grapes varieties resistance to the dominant harmful organisms. It is established that under abnormal weather conditions the greatest resistance to a bacterial cancer and an infectious chlorosis have the intraspecific hybrids; next in the decreasing order the Convar orientalis Negr follow. (East Asian), Convar pontica Negr. (coasts of the Black Sea), Convar occidentalis Negr. (West European) are followed. The variation of degree of varieties resistance to harmful organisms is also observed within each group. It is shown that the level of productivity of grapes bushes is in the close negative dependence from degree of plants defeat by mildew.
In the recent years under the conditions of the South of Russia the strengthening of influence of stressful environmental impacts on of fruit plantings productivity is observed. It is necessary to refer to stressful influence the application of chemical means of plants protection also. The complex use of fertilizers and biologically active agents can be the ways of decrease in negative stressful impacts. The results of study of influence of complex application of insecticides with the growth regulator of Atonic Plus on agribiological and qualitative indicators of Golden Delishes apple-tree are given in the article. In 2010-2014, when a high number of a grapes-berry moth (from 24,4% to 72,0%) and stressful influence of the environment, the technology of phytophage regulation on the basis of complex application of chemical and microbiological insecticides is offered, that technology provided the control of a grapes-berry moth at the level of 94,4-98,9%. It is established that inclusion in the processing system of the growth regulator of Atonik Plus increased in length of one-year shoots of an apple-trees on 8,18 cm and the areas of leaf surface increased on 12,52 cm2. The smaller fall of fruits is noted, and it leds to an increase in a crop of apples on 8,6 t/hectare, in comparison with the control. It is shown that the application in the tank of mixture of the offered insecticides and the growth regulator of Atonik Plus promoted the improvement of biometric indicators of apple fruits. The more accumulation of organic acids (malic and amber) and biologically active ions of potassium (on 63 mg/dm3) and sodium (on 12,1 mg/dm3) and decrease in concenration of dry substances is noted (for 1,1%). These changes have led to increase in duration of fruits storage.
The basis of the modern system of protection of the pear plantations is the development of scientifically based schemes of application of highly effective preparations. Now the assortment of preparations alowed for application in pear plantings, does not provide the effective plants protection against pear sucker, therefore it is necessary to develop the effective schemes of preparations combination. It is noted that the use of tank mixtures you can slow down the adaptation of harmful organisms to applied preparations and reduce the pesticides load on the cultivated orchards area. In our experiments for protection of the pear plants the Dimilin, Aktara, Vertimek and tank mixtures of Dimilin with Aktara and Vertimek were used. In the carried out research the dependence of development studies of pear sucker from weather conditions is established. Over the years of research, the number of harmful individuals in the control version of Avgustovskaya Rosa pear was 15.9; 41.0; 49.3; and their number of Pamiati Yakovleva was 11.5; 74.5 and 30.7 on a branch it different years. It is shown that the individual application of insecticides and their use in the tank mixtures reduce the number of pear sucker pear wood. Biological efficiency of preparations in the experimental options depends from the number of the pest and used preparation. The most effective preparations of different mechanism of action for application in the pear orchards at different number of the pest are established. The most biological efficiency of preparations against pear wood pear sucker for pears plants both studied varieties is noted in case of use of tank mixture of dimilin + aktara (biological efficiency reaches 99,1 %).