Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Strengthening of technogenic impact on the biosphere has led to warming of climate, degradation of soils and waking of ability of ecosystems to natural restoration. Especially considerably the level of technogenic emission is shown in the roadside agric landscapes where the concentration of heavy metals exceeds in several times the maximal permissible concentration (MPC). The indicator of impurity of agric landscapes considerably depends on the intensity of traffic. On the road sections under the forest protection, the pollution of plants and soil by harmful compounds is observed only in 10-meter zone. Ekological and protection functions of roadside forest belts of various composition and structure have been studied by us in the North-West Black Sea zone in the vineyards crossed by the highway Novorossiysk - Seaport Caucasus, on Cabernet grapes. The analysis of the obtained data showed that on ecological profiles of a roadside vineyard under the conditions of protection by three-row forest belt the content in the berries of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in 6,5; 40; 5 times exceeded MPC, when 10-row forest belt is used the vineyard is more reliably protected from emission, the content of the same compounds in the berries was 20-30% less, than at 3-row forest planting. In comparison with control the content of the listed compounds in the grapes berries under protection of forest belts is less: lead for 12-47%, cadmium - 11-33, zinc - 37-51, copper - 24-44%. For strengthening of protective properties of forest belts it is necessary to enter in the roadside edges 1-2 row planting of spirea bushes, cotoneaster privet and other crops. When these measures are performing the wine-making farms of Kuban will be able to receive not only qualitative production, but also to increase in the productivity of the vineyards located in the roadside agric landscapes.
The intensive production of fruits, directed on obtaining of stable and high-quality crops, causes the necessity to increase the resistance of cultivars to diseases. Under the modern conditions of rapid climat change, caused by anthropogenic, including agricultural environmental contamination, the protective and adaptive characteristics of the plants are reducing, and this factor determines the need to obtain the varieties of fruit crops adapted to a wide range of changing external conditions both abiotic and biotic. The article presents the data of early apple seedling selection for resistance to the two apple-tree dominant fungal infections: to scab under artificial infestation and to powdery mildew on a natural background. The object of research is the hybrid apple seedlings resulting from deliberate crossbreeding of K15461 sample of MOSVIR collection, that is relatively steady to both pathogens, with the susceptible Fuji cultivar. In 36% of the samples a scab lesions were not identified, 39% of the seedlings are resistant to a powdery mildew, according to the two years of the evaluation. 3 seedlings showed the resistance to the two pathogens, their share is 11 %. The evaluation of the plant also on complex features "cultivation" made it possible to identify the most of them as significant for breeding. The obtained results indicate a high prospect of using of K15461, as well as hybrid plants obtained in the combination of crossing of K15461 × Fuji, as donors of resistance to scab and powdery mildew. The hybrid seedlings can be used for study directed to the identification and mapping of new genes for resistance of apple plants to these pathogens.
The purpose of the carried out research was a study of a current state of an akarofauna of herbivorous types in the agric cenosis of industrial vineyards of the Crimea (specific composition, structure of domination) taking into account the modern meteo conditions, and also the carrying out of the comparative analysis with the existing data for the previous decades. The research carried out in 2006-2014 during vegetation (from April to October) at industrial vineyards on Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat white, Aligote and other grapes varieties. Data are presented in the article that for the last 14 years on the Southern coast of the Crimea the average annual air temperature, in comparison with the last decade, increased in 1,1 C. It assumes possible the structural changes in a complex of herbivorous pincers and appearance of the new dominant types. It is shown that at industrial vineyards of the Crimea a garden web tick of Schizotetranychuspruni Oud. (Tetranychidae) is widely widespread phytophage since the end of the 90th years of last century. By results of the research conducted from 2006 to 2014 in industrial vineyards of the Southern coast of the Crimea and the South-Eastern Crimea, it is noted the appearance of new species of ticks which quickly became dominating in a akarocomplex as a result of change of meteo conditions of vegetation season. In a final part of article it is noted that the main strategy in the protection of plants, and in particular a basis for formulation of schemes of protective measures in the industrial vineyards, should be a phytosanitary monitoring of concrete agric cenosis. It is especially important under the conditions of extreme changes of meteorological indicators and potential appearance of new dominant pests.
The modern protection of plants develops on the way of integration of various methods and means into uniform system for the purpose of fuller management of injuriousness of wreckers and diseases of fruit crops. In this regard the application of means of plants protection in such systems has to promote the considerable decrease in pesticidal load of the protected cultures with increase in efficiency of plantings. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the application of low-toxic drugs in the system of protection of plums and cherries from the dominant harmful objects that include the new and promising chemical and microbiological preparations, providing reduction of the negative impact of pesticides on the garden biocenosis. It is established that the application of the Cupid SP, and the Kurzat P, SP in the system of plum protection didn't oppress the processed trees, and biological efficiency of new low-toxic chemical fungicides has made 95-97%. At moderate spreading of clasterosporium (25-38%) the biological efficiency of a baksis has made 86-93%, a baktofit - 85-92%, a trihodermin - 82-87%. The efficiency of insecticides against a plum caterpillars has made 97,8-99,9%. The assessment of effect of biologically active agents and biological preparation has shown their high biological efficiency and has confirmed the existence of selective action of preparations. Also on their back-ground the natural complex of entomophages substantially remains. As a result, of research the rules have been developed on the basis of the application of low-toxic chemical and biological drugs to fight against Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev) Aderh.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. on plam, meeting the modern requirements.
The basis for profitable fruit growing is the variety, is biological characteristics define the nature of the growth, fruiting and productivity of horticultural crops, dictate the requirements for the application of various technologies. One of the main pests of pear is a pear psylla (Psylla pyri L.), which in large numbers, can cause the death of pear plantations. The range of products currently authorized for use in pear orchards, does not provide the effective protection against pest. In the context of growing seasons 2010-2012 on plants varieties Osennyaya Yakovleva in the fight against the proliferation of mass pear psylla the drugs were used: Dimilin (1 kg / ha) - an insecticide belonging to the group of regulators of growth and development of insects; Aktara (0.2 kg / ha) - insecticide of enteric-contact action; Vertimek (0.75 l / ha) - insectoacaricide of enteric-contact action; Decis Profi (0.06 kg / ha) - insecticide of enteric-contact action; B-58 New (1.5 l / ha) - a system-contact insectoacaricide; Calypso (0.4 l / ha) - a contact-intestinal insecticide with systemic action. Effective application of insecticides against the pest is provided only with taking into account the biology of the pest development. Thus, the monitoring of weather conditions and analysis of the development of pear psylla during the growing season helped to reduce the pesticide load in the plantations of fruit bearing pear and increase profitability pear fruit. According the weather conditions and the degree of development of the pest, the used preparations showed different efficacy. The weather conditions in 2010 and 2012 helped the highest prevalence and development of pear sucker (the optimum temperature and humidity, low rainfall); the frequent and abundant precipitation in 2011. The most and long biological efficiency (85-98%) in the fight against pear psylla (14 days), regardless of the weather conditions, was in the variants "Aktara" and tank-mix "Dimilin + Aktara", the smallest efficiency - "Dimilin","Decis profi", "Bi-58 New," "Calypso". The high biological efficiency of preparation of Dimilin, Aktara and Vertimek is achieved monofactorial, at their use for a low number of pear psylla.