Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Viruses are the dangerous pathogens of garden crops and they widely extend with the infected planting material. The fight against viruses in the field conditions is impossible therefore the transfer of plant nursery to a virus-free basis and a strict following to require-ments of planting material's certification. The purpose of our research is a studying of viruses spreading on fruit and berry crops in the conditions of the Central Re-gion of Russia. Research was conducted in 2013-2016 in the orchards of the Moscow, Bryansk, Belgorod and Ryazan regions. Data of carried out research show that the viruses contamination of studied pome crops was varied within 43-71%, the stone fruit crops � 40-59%, berry crops � 16-67%. The apple varieties and rootstocks in general were less infected by latent viruses in comparison with pear vatieties and rootstocks. There are ASPV and ACLSV viruses on the apple and pear varieties; there are ACLSV virus on the apple clonal rootstocks; the ASGV and ApMV viruses are on the pear rootstocks. The ilarviruses of PNRSV and PDV had the greatest distribution on the stone fruit crops. High-er frequency of occurrence is noted on raspberry for the RBDV and RpRSV viruses; on a blackcurrant and a gooseberry �for the RpRSV virus; on a strawberry � for the TBRV virus. The plants, free from the main harmful viruses, are revealed: of apple-tree � 13 varieties, pear � 8, cherry � 9, plum � 4, sweet cherry � 4, clonal rootstocks, stocks of an apple-tree � 3, clonal rootstocks of the stone fruit crops � 11, raspberry � 22, a strawberry � 9, a gooseberry � 15, currants black and red � for 5 varieties.

Annotation

The results of monitoring in the period 2014-2016 of the mycopatogen complex structure of the stone fruit crops, in the Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The trees part above ground was studied. It is established that in the region conditions the incubation period for CL. carpophilum under optimal conditions continues 3-4 days, and varies within 3-9 days, depending on temperature. The most active plants inoculation occurs when the temperature of + 20 ... + 26 � �. For �. hiemalis pathogen it is marked the adaptation to high temperatures: the ability to endure the temperature above +30� � without loss of viability. The high relative humidity (70-98 %, including the rains and fogs) and reduced air temperature (average daily air temperature of + 7� 17 º �) contribute to the rapid spreading of Monilia cinerea Bonord. on apricot and cherry to 90 %, on sweet cherry and plum � from 10 % to 35 %. The frosty plum trees are often defeated by Polystigma rubrum DC. The distribution of Cytospora sp. on stone fruit crops was increased from isolated manifestations up to 10-15 %, primarily in the gardens, weakened by abiotic stresses. After two years of depression in spring time the epiphytotic defeat by Taphrina pruni Tul. was revealed. The first signs of fruit strain are noted in 12-15 days after flowering, but the fruits of relatively resistant varieties are defeated in 30-35 days. The creating of fungal patocomplex on generative and vegetative organs of stone fruit crops was increased. The new pathogens types of Gloesporium sp., Gloesporium cerasi vulgaris Lindau; Syll., Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem., Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schw.) Schoem.), Leptothyrium sp. were appeared.

Annotation

The results of research on study of specific composition of the sucking vermins in the stone fruit plantings of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The research has shown that among phytophages the important place is taken by insects from group of homopterous plant louses (Aphidinea), from group akariformny pincers are herbivorous galloobrazuyushchy pincers (Eriophyidae) and web pincers (Tetranychidae). The comparative analysis of development of the plam's dominating sucking vermins has revealed that the greatest damage of plants is noted at the end of a season and it is connected also with influence of an anthropogenous factor. The terms of phytophages development differ on the years and depend from a complex of abiotic and biotic factors. It is shown that in connection with long spring falls of temperature the terms of development of the gray pollinated plant louse were changed. The long spring with periodic decreases in temperature and rains of storm character has changed the terms of mass appearance of an ordinary web tick for the end of May � the beginning of June that for 25 days later than annual terms. Increase in number of vermins that have had the focal spreading, such as plum pseudo scale is noted. For the Japanese cicada � butterfly of Ricania japonica Mel-ichar (Ricaniidae, Homoptera) and a felt cicada (Metcalfa prunosa Say) the extension of an injuriousness area has established. The phytosanitary monitoring which is carried out by us in the stone fruits orchards of Krasnodar Region shows the noticeable functional and structural changes in the entomocomplexes of the sucking vermins under the influence of the changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main manifestations of such transformations are the expansion of a specific variety of harmful objects in the orchards of the stone fruit crops, and also the growth of populations number of specific types.

Annotation

The research of a rizospfere's nematofauna and mycobiota, and also interaction between their components in the strawberry agricultural cenoses in the South of Russia is the urgent problem that have not only scientific, but also practical value. For the first time in the bio cenotic research in a united complex the nematode-mycotic infection was studying. In the course of the research the main groups of the phytopathogens in the phytopathocomplex of strawberry are revealed. On the roots and in a root rizosphere there are nematodes, funguses and bacterias. The components of the main trophic levels in the rizosphere's nematocomplexes of a strawberry are identified. It is established that the situations of a monoinfection and pronounced domination of components of the studied strawberry's phytophatocomplex in the region are very rarely noted. It is marked that spreading, injuriousness and ratios of various phytopathogens groups and various ecological and trophic groups of nematodes to a marked degree fluctuate in connection of the seasons and cultivation conditions. The next regularities have revealed in the processes of carried out research: in case the number of phytoparasitic nematodes is higher, the studied strawberry varieties were defeated by Fusarium agent stronger. In the conditions of the region it isn't revealed the strawberry varieties without root decay. All strawberry varieties were defeated in a different degree. In the orchards of Marmolada, Honey and Aromas strawberries 9-11% of the roots of plants affected with mycoses are noted. It is shown that separate strains of bacteria's and fungus antagonists effectively suppressed the parasitic micro flora of the part pf plants above ground-level and also when processing of strawberry root system by them. The majority of the estimated domestic biopesticides have had the high biological efficiency when the plants were processing before planting.

Annotation

At present, the prospect of increasing in the efficiency of protective measures in the vine orchards can be achieved with the development on the modern level of environmental approaches to the improvement of plant protection practices taking into account the features of the resort areas of Crimea. The purpose of our research was studying of efficiency of natural origin preparation of domestic production, the working off of regulations of their application for effective control of mildew, oidium, gray and sour decay, the increase in yilding of grapes orchards that is extremely urgent direction of research today. Laying of experiences and accounting were carried out using the standard techniques in the vine growing and protection of plants. Intensity of diseases defeat of a grapes bush organs in the experiment's options was compared to control option (without processings) and to a standard option (use of chemical fungicides by 100% to norm). The results of studying of the using effeciency of Bactofit, SK and Agat-25K, FP bio-logical agents for control of diseases in grapevine orchards of the South-Western and Southern coast viticultural zones of Crimea in the period of 2014-2016 are presented in this article. On the basis of carried out research the time-limit for the application of the biological protective agents in the integrated system of vines protec-tive measures has been established, taking into account the peculiarities of the culture and the pathogenic pathway of the epiphitotiously hazardous diseases. The data obtained in an experiment show that Baktofit application, SK and Agate-25K, TPS increase in the quantity of grapes harvest of the Muscat Yantarny (for 7,6%), Rkatsiteli (for 8,6% and 13%) and the Muscat Bely (for 11,6% and 10,7%) and improve the qualitative characteristics of these varieties.