Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Apple-tree is the leader in the harvesting and square of orchards in the horticulture of Russia. The development of protection systems from harmful organisms, as a way to increase in yield, is widely studied and put into practice of horticulture. At the same time, the morphological and physiological features of generative capacity and bearing in connection with pathogenesis of major apple diseases were not investigated enough. The aim of this research is to learn an apple organogenesis in the connection with the pathophytocenosis dynamics (for example, scab and powdery mildew of apple). The basic method of study is the morphological-physiological analysis, which combines the study of intra-buds development and the morphometry of the extra-buds development of shoots, leaves, flowers, ovary and fruits in the connection with the pathogenesis of the studied apple tree diseases. The results of studying of apple-tree organogenesis and analysis of the special features of the pathogenesis of the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm.), show that both processes depend on the climatic conditions in the location of agrical phytopathocenosis. The mechanism of regulation of apple tree organogenesis and development of pathophytocenosis of cultivation zone of orchards, are the climatic conditions (temperature regime, duration of day, amount of precipitation and others) and the degree of joining is sufficiently close. As consequence, the analysis of the process of apple-tree generative development makes possible to determine not only the data of the harvesting, the methods and the degree of pruning, the norm and the regimes of irrigation, and the introduction of fertilizers, but also the norms and the regimes of the pesticides application, which can be corrected taking into account the data of morphological-physiological analysis.
One of the most damaging strawberry diseases are root rots. Expansion of the species composition and increase the number of the most dangero us organisms is marked on the plantations of this culture. The objects of study are the causative agents of strawberry root and basal rots, as well as promising strawberry varieties of in the nursery orchards of EPF "Centralnoe" (Krasnodar). In the Krasnodar Region is marked the damage of strawberry tendrils by fungis of the Phytophthora genus a new pathogen for our region. The damage of genus Fusarium is marked last years. In 2015 it was found on the berries and in 2016 it was found on the strawberry tendrils and on the root system. As a result of fito monitoring of root rot in the strawberry agricultural cenosis it was selected the most damaged varieties of Cleary, Onda, Syria, Elizabeth. The damage per cent of Phytophthora fungi of all studied samples was 6.3. The harmfulness of Anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was fixed for all testing varieties and the percentage of damage of this desease is 22.6. The causative agent of root rot Fusarium spp. was also noted on studied varieties in the experiment, its damage of plants was 76.8 %. Today it is a significant threat for strawberry orchards. We were found that in the strawberry agricultural cenosis the fungi of the genus of Phytophthora spp. and the fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds become active. Their harmfulness on the strawberry plantations under favorable weather conditions is 60 to 85 %. Phytophtora of strawberry is a new and rather unexplored disease for our region. And it can be assumed that because of climatic changes, the pathogen will be greatest on the harmfulness for strawberry. The fungi of Fusarium spp. genus causing a root rot of strawberry, become very dangerous for nursery strawberry plantation, and it may greatly affect the quality of planting material.
The main goal of this paper is development of methodological approach to assessment of resistance degree of stone fruit crops to phytophatogens, which could let to select forms with long-termed resistance and to get qualified and ecologically pure production with the reduce of pesticide load. As model system was used the resistance of Prunus L. hybrids to coccomycoces. Now the methods of selection of forms with horizontal resistance are very popular. The complexity of the allocation of such forms lies in the significant variability of plants defeat even on the same block. The dependence of defeat point by a number of factors (conditions of the year, location of the tree in the block, the presence of various pathogen biotypes in the population, skill of specialists, etc.) often does not allow to correctly assess the resistance of many varieties. It is confirmed by numerous publications in which data are presented on the various degree of fruit plants lesion (varieties, hybrids, rootstocks), even growing in the same geographical areas. The use of biochemical indicators related to sustainability allows us to create the rapid methods for the selection of unaffected forms. The development of such methods is related to the study of variability of biochemical parameters, and of lesion point and those relations, with the help of genetic-statistical analysis. For selection of reference forms, that is the plants with clear reaction on pathogen infection (not infected by fungus with horizontal resistance elements and with late infection progress) need to make controlled inoculation by different biotypes. The article suggests the methodological approach to the assessment of stability of stone fruit crops based on the use of the complex of biochemical, genetic and immunological and statistical methods.
Regular phytosanitary monitoring of perennial plantations in the Western Ciscaucasian region reveals the significant functional and structural changes in the entomoxilophilic complexes under the influence of changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the widening of the species diversity of harmful xylobionts, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. Study of the species composition of xylobionts were carried out in agroecological stationary experiments and route observations of perennial fruit plantations in the areas of their industrial cultivation. For taking of biomaterial in a field study the well known methods were used. The main most informative method was examination of weak and drying trees, taking of biological samples of damaged wood parts of trees and their further laboratory research. The main reasons causing the changes in the formation of entomoxylophilic complexes of fruit agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Territory are discussed in the article. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the expansion of the species diversity of xylophagous vermins, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. As a result of study, the species composition, bioecological features and dynamics of the distribution of major xylophages have been refined. The regular monitoring, one time in decade, of the phytosanitary state of fruit crops in the region made possible note the following: a change in the species composition of the entomocenosis, an increase in the harmfulness of xylophilous vermins as a result of trees weakness of due to weather and climate factors (low winter air temperatures, recurrent frosts, "ice" rains, long drought, etc.) and anthropogenic stressors (uncontrolled application of chemical protection preparations). The analysis of the obtained allowed us to divide the entomoxylophilic complex of stone fruit agrocenoses on the groups, that damaging the perennial wood and the group that damaging the vegetative part of the plants.
As a result of the research, the most harmful entomo-pato complexes of stone fruit crops were identified, the time of their appearance, the severity, and the nature of the interaction of harmful species, that is necessary for phytosanitary monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms of their structural interactions. There was simultaneous infection of shoots and leaves with powdery mildew and colonization of plum hyphae of Hyaloplerus arundinis F. In the second part of the vegetation in the plantations of cherry and sweet cherry, an entomo-pathocomplex was identified as "Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins. - Myzus cerasi F.". There is a tendency for joint infection of the sweet cherry leaves (Phyllosticta prunicola (Opiz.) and Stephanitis pyri F. with a circle moth, pear bug, phyllostectosis. The tendency to fix the pathocomplexes in the stone fruit orchards is revealed: "cocomicosis-clasterosporium", "leaf curliness-clasterosporium", and it increases the fungal pathogen activity. In cherry trees, the alternaria develops independently as well as in the composition of fungal complexes, in particular with Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh. There are Alternaria sp., fungi in the sweet cherry fruits, as Fumago vagans Pers in the plum- tree, as well as epiphytic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The development of Cl. Carpophilum are on the leaves affected by milky lustre of all stone fruit crops. Because of the excess of two and more times the norm of precipitation is more common on the fruits of the pathogens complex of stimulants of Monilia fructigena Pers. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. The obtained monitoring data allow to determine the strategy for optimization of the phytosanitary condition of stone fruit plantations and to develop the methodological and practical approaches to manage the production process of stone fruit plantations.