Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Ditilenchus, caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry in the Southern Region of Russia. The disease is common on industrial plantations, in farmer and subsidiary farms of the region, as well as in the breeding collections of the Maikop experimental station. In the area of activity of the NCFSCHVW, industrial plantations of strawberry are free from ditilenchus for more than thirty years. The purpose of our research is to identify the resistant to the stem nematode of species of agricultural crops provided the production and adaptive potential of strawberry garden. The article presents data on the influence of various plant species strawberry ditilenchus and the identification of resistant crops to stem nematodes. 29 kinds of agricultural crops were studied, an invasion of almost all plant species at a young age was noted, with the exception of soft wheat and tomato and cabbage seedlings. The appearance of symptoms of strawberry defeat is shown no earlier than 4-6 weeks after inoculation. Our obtained results confirm the data of foreign research that the stem nematode is capable to cause significant damage to plant species under the condictions of significant soil contamination, regardless of whether they contribute the reproduction of the corresponding races of ditilenchus. It is established: onion, buckwheat, peas, oats, to a lesser extent solanaceous and umbrella crops (except carrots), were susceptible to stem nematode close to strawberry on both indicators. Pumpkin, alfalfa and red clover are non-tolerant crops, without maintaining the reproduction of the parasite. Wheat, barley, corn, beet, cabbage, carrots, radish have shown the resistance to ditilenchus, and these crops can contribute to increase in the productive and adaptive potential of strawberry.
The main experimental material for research was obtained through the phytosanitary monitoring of industrial plantations of the Krasnodar Territory and a collection of genetic strawberry resources in the Maikop Experimental Station of VIR in 2013-2015 on natural infectious background. The object of research were more than 400 strawberry varieties by domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of strawberry plantations in the Southern Region, the damage of Asia, Clery, Alba, Roxana, and Honey plants with anthracnose black rot was widely recognized. These varieties for different years, since 2003, were imported from Italy. At present, there are no strains and forms of strawberry immune to anthracnose, but the varieties differ in the degree of resistance to this disease. Moreover, the varieties that are resistant to the some strains of the fungi can be affected by other strains of fungi. Phytosanitary monitoring showed that in 2013, four varieties (Asia, Alba, Roxana, Honey), infected with anthracnose black rot, were planted in the collection of genetic strawberry resources of the Maikop ES of VIR, and 198 out of more than 400 varieties were affected in 2015, which is 50 % of the total. Taking into account the latent form of the disease for several years, presumably now all 100 % of the strawberry strains are infected. As a result of our field assessment of the degree of strawberry defeat by anthracnose black rot, we did not isolate the disease resistant varieties, which could be the initial material, promising for their use in further breeding study.
Control and prevention of plant Diseases is one of the main tasks in agriculture. This is due to the fact that such diseases can lead to significant economic losses. The article considers the most well-known in the international market preparations and methods of plant protection using the mechanism of induced resistance. To this end, a review of the research literature was conducted, biopesticides registered in the United States, Europe and a number of other countries were studied, and a patent search was carried out in international databases of patent documentation. It has been established that in recent years a significant amount of work has been done in the field of studying the ability of various substances and bioagents to induce plant resistance to diseases. It is concluded that the continuation of research in this area is relevant and of interest, including as a basis for developing innovative technologies for storing plant products.
The article presents the results of the preparations testing of copper (Abiga-Pik, Kuproksat) and triazoles (Skor, Fardi) against the main plum fungal infections in the Central zone of Krasnodar Region in 2015-2017. The epiphytotic development of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh on the experimental plot is noted. There was a tendency of leaves early infection (the first decade of April), and the spreading of the disease in the initial period was characterized by a high rate of infection. Monilia cinerea Bonord. was observed in the third decade of April after plum blossoming, by mid-June the disease spreading was 8-10 % (only in the control). Monilia fructigena Honey. was observed in mid-may, by mid-June, from 15 to 20 % of fruits on the control trees were affected and during harvesting (on late July) up to 45 %. The main predictors of the spores onset of the disease pathogen were the amount of precipitations on April and air humidity after going the average daily temperature over + 10-12 ˚C. The appearance of powdery mildew on the control trees was noted in the first decade of June from 3 up to 7 % on annual shoots. Biological efficacy of Abiga-Pik, VS on day 7 after the two treatments was 90-92 %, Kuproksat, KS 96-98 %, on 14th day 89-90 % and 95-96 %, respectively. Treatment with triazoles was carried out after plum flowering, in the period of high speed of spreading of shot-hole disease. On 7 day the biological effectiveness of Skor was 85-87 %, Fardi 89-90 %; on 14th day 80-82 % and 82-84 %, respectively.
The article presents the results of long term of research on the species composition of the harmful fauna of the apple orchard. It is established that under the influence of climatic changes and technogenic impact, many species have developed a number of adaptive responses for survival under the changing environmental conditions. The increase in the number of weakened trees by a number of different weather stresses (frosts, rain showers, hail, air and soil drought) led to the appearance of new types of trunk`s vermins and to the strengthening harmfulness of previously known species. In our study, we noted an increased harmfulness in the Lepidoptera vermin complex and the appearance of new phytophagous species, which development is marked by a large their number and increased aggressiveness. There is a fluctuation, a change in the dominant species within the complexes. For example, the number of subcrustal leaf rollers (Enarmonia formosana Scop.) in the apple agrocenoses increased in 3,4 times, and the number of other species of leaf rollers dominated in 2011 decreased to economically insignificant value. The yellow pear scabbard (Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht.) be-gan to damage the plantations instead of the Californian Scabbard. Phytosanitary monitoring, carried out in the fruit plantations of the region in 2014-2017 revealed the significant functional and structural changes in the sucking entomocomplexes. It was found that the stability of most vermins has been developed for dimethoates, chlorpyrifos and malathions. It is established that the main components of sucking communities, first of all, react to abiotic factors of influence. The tendency of change in the species composition and intrapopulation structures of harmful organisms was revealed as a result of the use of insecticides of organophosphorus synthesis in frost-weakened trees.