Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The walnut (Juglans regia L.), belonging to the Juglandaceae family, is widely cultivated in all moderate and subtropical regions. In recent years, damage to walnuts by bacterial blight has been noted. This disease, known as bacteriosis, is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas jglandis (Pierce) Dowson. Bacteriosis causes the most severe damage in spring in wet and warm weather, which leads to a decrease in yield and quality of fruits. The purpose of the study is to identify the most resistant genotypes for use in breeding based on a long-term field assessment of resistance to bacteriosis of walnut hybrid forms. The objects of study are 21 promising hybrid forms of walnuts bred at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. Control variant is variety Rodina. The garden was planted in 2014, the layout was 5 × 4 m. The studies were carried out on a natural agrobackground in a breeding garden in 2019-2021, in the central part of the Kuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, on the basis of ZAO OPH Tsentralnoye of FSBSI NCFSCHVW Krasnodar. R&D was carried out according to generally accepted programs and methods. The degree of damage of walnut hybrid forms by bacteriosis was assessed using a scale from 0 to 5 points. It was revealed that bacteriosis annually damages walnut plants, and the degree of disease damage depends on the prevailing weather conditions. It was found that the most favorable years for the development of infection were 2019-2020. According to long-term data, hybrid forms of walnut resistant to bacteriosis have been identified: 17-2-35, 17-3-10, 17-3-12, 17-3-41, 17-3-44, 17-3-48, 17- 3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, the degree of damage over the years of study of which varied from 1.1 to 2.0 points, the maximum did not exceed 2.0 points. Most of the hybrids isolated for resistance to bacteriosis were obtained from the Dachny family free pollination of the NCFSCHVW breeding, which has in its origin the Central Asian variety Ideal. The isolated forms of walnut are promising for further breeding for resistance to Xanthomonas jglandis (Pierce) Dowson.
The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.
The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on mediumsentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.
The article presents the results of a study of endophytic communities in the conductive organs of grapes, which is cultivated in the ampelocenoses of the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. In the course of the work, the microbiota of annual and perennial conducting organs of Moldova and Merlot grape varieties was isolated, the diversity of bacterial endophytic communities was studied, their taxonomic structure was analyzed, and the dynamics of their phenotypic diversity depending on grape phenophase was demonstrated. Based on the results of the work, a preliminary conclusion was made about the differences in the taxonomic structure of bacterial endophytic communities from two varieties different in genotype and from two substrates of grape conducting organs differing in properties. The total number of isolated endophytic bacteria was 93 strains. The bacterial communities of the Merlot variety showed greater taxonomic diversity than the bacterial communities of the Moldova variety. Most of the isolated strains belonged to Firmicutes (38 strains) and Actinobacteria (36 strains). Proteobacteria (12 strains) were represented in a smaller number. We identified 42 bacterial strains, including Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Kocuria sp., Paenibacillus sp., Dietzia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rothia sp., Staphylococcus sp. Among the identified groups, strains of the genus Bacillus were the most diverse. Some genera of bacteria have been observed only in specific substrates. Thus, strains of the genus Acinetobacter were isolated only from annual vines of both varieties, Dietzia and Paenibacillus only from annual vines of Moldova, Pseudomonas and Rothia from perennial Merlot wood, Kocuria from both communities of Merlot varieties, but one-year data need to be confirmed in further studies.
The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.