Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Over the past 15 years, the prevalence of pathogens of the genus Fusarium has increased in the gardens of the Krasnodar region, which are found both in the root rot pathocomplex and in the apple core rot pathocomplex. At present, much attention is paid to the biological method of plant protection, one of the directions of which is the use of microbiological drugs. In this connection, we studied the antifungal activity of microbiological preparations Rizoplan, Liq., Alirin B, WP, Fitosporin-M, P, Vitaplan, WP, registered on an apple tree to control scab, powdery mildew, moniliosis, as well as promising in relation to pathogens of rot roots and cores of apple fruits from the genus Fusarium Trichocin, WP and Biocomposite, Liq. As a result of the study of the antifungal activity of microbiological drugs against fungi of the genus Fusarium, causative agents of rot of roots and fruits of the apple tree, both weak and very strong mycoparasitism were noted, but in most variants of the experiment, competition for the area of nutrition prevailed. Under the influence of some drugs, the shape, edge and color of the fungus colony changed. In general, for the entire sample of pathogens, the best bioagents were the antagonists of the drug Trichocin, WP, which suppressed all five strains with BE 50-90 % and showed hyperparasitism in one strain, as well as the drug Alirin B, Liq, which inhibited the growth of three strains with BE 56 -85 %, showing antibiosis or fungistatic antibiotic antagonism with the formation of a sterile zone.
At present, the influence of invasive species has increased significantly in the cenoses of fruit and ornamental plants. Harmful coccids (scale insects) easily invade with seedlings and cuttings of fruit and ornamental crops imported into our country. Once in a new region, they quickly master due to their high fertility and good protection from the effects of adverse external conditions. In recent decades, the rates of the invasion process have accelerated everywhere; over the previous 80 years, about 100 foreign species of herbivorous insects settled on the territory of the former USSR, a significant part of them are classified as harmful and quarantine species, of which 57 species have clear signs of harmfulness. Every year, new species of phytophages are identified, which lead to the death of host plants and destabilization of the phytosanitary situation in artificial and natural ecosystems. Therefore, at present, it is relevant to study the features of the invasive process of pests of fruit and ornamental crops in order to develop protective measures against new pests. Monitoring of perennial plantings of ornamental and fruit crops in the Kuban zone of the central subzone of Krasnodar region revealed damage by tortoise scales: Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis Guer) and Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst). This region can become a potential habitat for the development and distribution of the above species of phytophages, since the territory has the presence of suitable climatic and ecological conditions under which these pests can settle and develop. When assessing the potential for invasiveness of new species of coccids, in connection with their adaptation in the Krasnodar region, the facts of stepwise adaptation in different types of cenoses should be considered. Solving the problem of preventing biological invasions is one of the most important tasks of these studies, and in this regard, the development of a set of preventive measures is relevant.
It is necessary to use measures aimed at increasing the resistance of the host infection in combination with measures to weaken parasites in management of phytopathogenic microorganisms. The realization of the maximum productivity of plants is achieved with a high level of their resistance to adverse abiotic and biotic factors. This can be done with the use of growth regulators. Preference is given to preparation that meet the requirements of environmental safety, which include Zircon. The research was made in the scientific fundamental research laboratory "Biophotonics" of the Michurinsky State Agrarian University and the I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center. A solution of toxic metabolites of the Pseudomonas syringae van Hall bacterium was obtained by culturing it on a liquid nutrient potato-glucose medium. The working solution of the drug Zircon was prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Experimental variants: leaves placed in water without treatment with Zircon (control variant); leaves in a 10 % solution of toxic metabolites of bacteria without treatment with Zircon; leaves in a 10 % solution of toxic metabolites of bacteria treated with Zircon. Diagnostics of the functional state of photosynthetic cherry tissues was performed non-destructively on a portable chlorophyll fluorimeter PAM-Junior. On the 10th day after the experiment was initiated, the activity of photosynthetic cherry leaf tissues in the variant using toxic metabolites was 0.507 cu, which is 16.9 % lower than the control value (0.610 cu). At the same time, joint treatment with Zircon and a solution of bacterial metabolites contributed to an increase in this indicator by 33.7% compared to the variant where only toxin was used and by 11.1% compared to the control. Thus, this preparation helps to increase the activity of photosynthetic tissues and the resistance of the host plant to the action of toxic metabolites of the bacterium.
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are known as antagonists of phytopathogens; therefore, they are used as a basis for a number of biological plant protection drugs. However, the low rate of reproduction and colonization of these fungi and incomplete elimination of pathogens are the main problems for their widespread introduction into agricultural production. One of the promising areas of stimulation of micromycetes is irradiation with coherent light. This will make it possible to manage their various physiological processes, including the growth, development and synthesis of producers. A comparative study of the effectiveness of the use of helium-neon and semiconductor lasers for the treatment of the fungus T. lignorum showed that at more effective exposure times (240 s for helium-neon, 60 and 240 s for semiconductor lasers), the maximum growth and development of mycelium was observed (5 points). Taking into account that the growth of fungal colonies in the control was estimated at 2,66 points, laser stimulation was 87,9%. In this case, the use of semiconductor and helium-neon lasers turned out to be equally effective, the differences in these variants of the experiment are insignificant and are within the standard error of the mean value. An increase in the antifungal activity of T. harzianum against the fungus A. alternata after using a semiconductor laser to treat a biocontrol agent, where no pathogen growth was observed. At the same time, in the control (without irradiation), the growth of the tester was 1,59 points. The obtained data indicate a positive effect of coherent light on the effectiveness of protective biopreparations containing fungi of the genus Trichoderma by increasing their physiological activity.
In the paper the process of decomposition of data on the dynamics of the pest population flight in the form of a frequency binomial distribution and its primary statistical assessment is presented on an example of pheromone monitoring data of a European grape moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) in the ampelocenoses of the Taman Peninsula. The observed and statistical indicators of the frequency distribution of the flight of this pest of three economically significant generations are presented. The following are presented: the beginning, the length of flight, the central trend of flught and the expected period of the central trend, and also, with significant limitations, the period of the mass flight of the pest is indicated, calculated as the standard deviation of the flight of all individuals in the period. Also, such indicators as kurtosis, asymmetry and others were calculated and presented, which allow to better understand the nature of the flight of the pest. According to the calculated data, following conclusions are drawn: the actually observed flight of the European grape moth is more uniform in comparison with the theoretical abstraction. At the same time, the first flight is more stretched and unstable than the subsequent mating periods, as indicated by the influence of abiotic environmental factors. Also, according to four generations, the period of full development of one generation of the European grape moth in field conditions has been established. The main probabilistic indicators and differences between the generations are presented. These data can help in understanding the age dynamics of the population of the European grape moth and its probabilistic nature to improve the forecast of pest development and the timing of protective measures. In the paper is also mentioned the falseness of terminology in the designation of flight periods, adopted both in the educational and scientific literature on the European grape moth, and among farmers.