Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Alternaria fungi affect a wide range of crops. Of the 300 known species of Alternaria fungi, more than 10 are serious pathogens. Alternariosi mainly manifested of leaf spot. The morbidity of plant by alternariosis is accompanied by high economic losses of agricultural products. In the vineyards of the South of Russia, a harmful manifestation of Alternaria spotting has been observed since the middle of the two thousand years. The causative agent of grapes alternariosis is semi-parasitic fungus of Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. The data of laboratory screening for the antimicotic activity of 8 chemical and 19 bacterial (based on bacterial and fungal antagonists) fungicides against the pathogen of Alternaria tenuissima grape 12 straits of 7 types of bacteria and 7 straits of 4 types of fungi are presented in the article. The majority experimental variants of the active substances and their combinations in chemical fungicides showed the high efficiency in suppressing the growth of pathogen colonies. When comparing the antifungal activity of 2 concentrations of working solutions of biological preparations, it was found that bacterial fungicides show the best efficiency at a concentration of 4.0 ml / l, and fungal at a concentration of 2.0 ml / l. Among bacterial strains-producers, B. amyloliquefaciens KC-2 B-11141 and B. subtilis var niger B-118 are the most effective in suppressing tenuissima. The strains of B. subtilis B-117, B. subtilis BS-1, B. subtilis B-522 and B. acidocaldarius B-5250 had low antifungal activity, 6 strains were not active. Among the fungal producer strains that participated in the screening for antimycotic activity, T. viride F-838 and T. viride F-294 have the highest efficiency.
Studying the rot of the seed chamber leads to the appearance of a micocomplex of 7 species fungi: 5 species of Fusarium Link and 2 species of Alternaria Nees. Presence of species on varieties in different gardens were heterogeneous. The set of plant species was unique for every variety and garden. The most number of species of pathogenic fungi was found on the Idared variety in the Timashevsky district. Two species of Fusarium was first discovered as rot causing agent of apple fruits in the Krasnodar Territory F. solani (Mart.) Sacc and F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel. Both species were found in the Dinsky district: one at the Red Delicious variety, and the second at the Starkrimson variety. Infection of flowers at the same time with two or three pathogens, which later co-developed in the seed chamber of the fruit, was established. The species of F. sporotrichiodes Sherb. was the most common in pathocomplexes. A study of the morphological and cultural characteristics of isolates of selected species in this study showed that cultural characteristics corresponded to those described earlier for these taxonomic units. For some species, the differences in growth rate, height, structure and color of aerial mycelium were noted. Most isolates of the species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. proliferatum (Matsushima), A. tenuissima ex Nees et T. Nees: Fries, and A. alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler were characterized by rapid growth rates. According to the structure of the colonial aerial mycelium, homogeneous isolates species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc and heterogeneous isolates species F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichiodes, were found. The color of aerial mycelium in most cases was homogeneous.
The paper presents a literature review for digital technologies and platform solutions in the field of plant protection, which take the industry to a new level of development. The first step towards digitalization is the wide use in the production of various sensors, data units, and operational monitoring stations. The everyday reality is the use in farms of GPS-navigators, controlling the electronic systems installed on technic, and weather stations in the field. In the next step, data coming from devices connected to a unit network in real time are processed and the specialist is provided with the results of the analysis of multiple factors as well as the reason for subsequent actions. This helps to monitor, differentiate technology elements and make the necessary adjustments for each plot. Easy-to-use applications contain the reference materials, identify the vermins, diseases and weeds and help you to choose the pesticide you need and calculate its amount, select and adjust the nozzles for spraying. The development and use of electronic services for smart agricultural systems are actively developing abroad, the leading companies in the industry strive to adjust for their IoT platforms. Among the Internet of things allow to make the transition to digitalization, unmanned aerial vehicles stand out. The main goal of the drone in plant protection is monitoring and spraying. In the EU, USA, China, Japan, the drones are actively used for crops processing, while in Russia only in May 2019, the Government approved the Rules for the accounting and use of unmanned aerial vehicles. Robotic technologies are also a component of the digital world, they occupy a large niche of application in the agriculture, their use in the world reaches 38 %. In the field of plant protection, the technologies are being developed for ultra low-volume application of pesticides, recognition and registration of harmful objects.
The most effective means of vineyards protection for fungal diseases are the treatment of plants with systemic fungicides. Long-term use of fungicides leads to their accumulation in the ecosystem of vineyards, where they can persist for a long time in the soil in its original form and partially migrate to plants and grapes. Preserving in the soil, the preparations reduce the functioning of beneficial soil microflora, worsen the properties and structure of the soil, intensifying the process of soil degradation. Soil toxic residues, accumulating in the grapes, do not ensure its food safety. The greatest efficiency, but also and environmental hazard, is represented by third- generation fungicides, consisting the previously used active ingredients Falcon, CE (spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol), Universal SP (tebuconazole), Kolosal, CE (tebuconazole), Kolosal Pro, KME (propiconazole + tebuconazole), having a complex structure that ensures their synergism and cumulativeness. The purpose of the work is to establish the degradation of organic fungicides of complex structures in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The residues of the studied fungicides in the soil were determined by well-known methods using a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph. Research took a place in the vineyards of the specialized economies of the Black Sea coast against the background of long of use of these fungicides. Option 1 of the experiment the lack of treatments with fungicides in the current season; Option 2 fungicide treatments were carried out during research season. It has been established that in soil the toxic residues are detected 10 months after the last treatment in amounts exceeding the MPC by 4,7 times (tebuconazole); 5,2 times (propiconazole); 9,5 times (triadimenol). Some of them, migrate from the soil and accumulate in the grapes, that do not ensure its food safety.
Since 2014, transformations of mycopathocenoses in the plantations of fruit crops in the South of Russia have been revealed: an acceleration in the epiphytoties of dominant phytopathogens, an increase in the number and prevalence of previously rare species, and the appearance of epiphytoties hotbed caused by their diseases. These data indicate a violation of the phytosanitary stability of apple and plum agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Region. The violation is caused by a change in the basic meteorological parameters of the climate, an increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme weather conditions. In this regard, the development of parametric models of phytosanitary resistant of fruit crops in agrocenoses is actual field of research. The studies were carried out using the laboratory analysis methods, field experiments, routing examinations, and comparative analysis. As a methodological base, we used the methodological tools for optimizing reproduction processes developed at the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making Laboratory of Economics. As a result of the research carried out, the main trends in the formation of the functional structure of mycopathcomplexes of apple and plum plantings in the Krasnodar Territory were revealed. Methodological approaches to the creation of parametric models for ensuring the stability of agrocenoses of apple and plum trees based on adaptive management of the phythosanitary state of these crops orchards have been developed. The system of indicators that determine the functioning of the mycoses pathogen complex is estimated. An algorithm of study the transformations of apple and plum mycopathocenoses under changing environmental conditions has been developed. A system of diagnostic indicators for assessing the phythosanitary stability of fruit agrocenoses and scientifically based the principles for managing apple and plum agrocenoses under conditions of increased abiotic and anthropogenic impacts taken place last time in the Krasnodar Region are proposed.