Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.
Ditylenchus, caused by a stem nematode of Ditylenchusdipsaci, after thirty years absence in an area of activity of NCRRIH&V, again in the region is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry. The results of determination of the thresholds of harmfulness of rot nematode and resistance of yield losses of annual plants, contrast on of strawberry garden's, cultivars from density of populations. Threshold of harmfulness of stem nematode for annual plants of strawberry varies depending on the degree of resistance of varieties to harmful type. For hardy variety of Senga Sengana the threshold of harmfulness in 8-16 times higher than one of susceptible Mice Schindler variety: 4 specimens of D. dipsaci for Mice Schindler and 64 - for of Senga Sengana strawberry. For perennial plants of strawberry (aged 2 years and over) the determination of threshold harmfulness will require of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of populations of strawberry ditylenchus in the space (within plantations) and in time (at least in 3 years contrast on weather conditions). Taking into account the difficulty of protecting of industrial plants from stem nematodes at the present time we should talk about zero threshold of harmfulness of D. dipsaci for strawberrrry's perennial crops and uterine plantings. To determine the hardiness of strawberry varieties to D. dipsacis it is necessary to compare their productivity on smooth of invasive by infection and healthy background due to the lack of clear relation between harvest of berries and the degree of destruction of vegetative organs and numbers in them of D. dipsacis in the process of berry's harvesting.
The results of long-term research on specific structure of harmful and useful fauna of an apple-tree garden are given in the article. It is established that extent of settling of gardens phytophages and entomophages fluctuates depending on age and type of a garden. The increase in number of phytophages in young gardens promotes the increase in number of entomophages. It is shown that one of criterion of efficiency of entomocenosis regulation is the relationship between harmful and useful entomofauna which is expressed by a ratio a phytophage/entomophage. The analysis of the observations and research made in apple-tree plantings allowed to determine the influence of plants processing by means of protection on preservation and activization of useful organisms. It is established that the application of chemical insecticides during the achievement of number of a pest complex in a spring of an economic threshold of injuriousness promotes the effective decrease in number of wreckers to 91,6 %. These preparations have not the noticeable impact on entomophages which appear later. With growth of number of the dominant pests in May-August the entomophages sometimes aren't capable to constrain their development at the level of an economic threshold of injuriousness. For the preservation of a crop the carrying out of processing by insecticides is required. It is noted that it is expedient to apply the preparations of natural origin, the biological means of plants protection, and biologically active agents which efficiency is 98,7-99,9%. The specified biological means of plants protection have not impact on development of entomophages. The application of biological means of plants protection in the fruit plantings in the second half of summer keeps not only ikhnevmonids and brakonids, but also predators polyphagues, that is due to decrease in anthropogenous influence on agric cenosis the steady growth of biodiversity of entomophages is observed.
Actual problem of modern gardening is improvement of quality of production. Along with the main indicators - productivity, winter hardiness, vitamin value of fruits - the new varieties must have the immunity to wreckers, viral and phytoplasma diseases. The Belgorod Region is the favorable agrarian territory of Russia for cultivation of the various fruit plants intended for industrial and amateur gardening. Research is conducted on the methodical managements. The assessment of plants on resistance to diseases was carried out under the field conditions visually dynamically on a natural rigid infectious background. The long-term dynamics of stability of types of the genus Cerasus L. is shown in the article under the conditions of the Belgorod Region to the most harmful diseases. Types of sort of Cerasus under the conditions of the Belgorod area are receptive to Coccomyces hiemalis, Clasterosporium carpophiylum and Monilia cenerea. With high stability to Coccomyces hiemalis the types of. C. vulgaris, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis are distinguished, the types of C. besseyi and . fruticosa are defeated. Clasterosporium carpophiylum defeats all studied types of Cerasus. Among them the more steady are the types of C. avium, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis. The types of . fruticosa and C. bessey are defeated in a strong degree. Monilia cenerea defeats in a greater degree the types of C. tomentosa, C. besseyi and . fruticosa. The types of C. mahaleb, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis, C. japonica and C. glandulosa have a high resistance to monilia desease. With complex stability to illnesses under the conditions of the Belgorod area the types of C. avium, C. vulgaris are selected. These Cerasus types are perspective for introduction in the farms and for use in the plant-breeding work.
Abiotic environmental elements such as climate and weather conditions are the dominant factor, depending on which annually varied the evolution of living organisms. The variability of weather conditions determines the diversity of the environmental conditions in which live and develop living organisms, including pathogens. Viability phytopathogen, as well as the grapes plants, is heavily depend on how the environmental conditions comply with the requirements of the organism and what is the deviation from the optimum of these conditions ensuring its normal development. The article contains the information about changing weather conditions over the past five years in the Rostov Region and their impact on the development and dissemination of plant pathogens. Results of fitomonitoring study indicate that the major change in severity of plant pathogens, depending on weather conditions. Over the last 5 years of observation (2010-2014) showed a trend to some change in meteorological conditions in the Lower Pridonye. Moderate negative temperatures in a winter contribute to the good plants overwintering while maintaining the infective forms of wintering fungal pathogens. However, the weather conditions of the growing season (less than normal rainfall and high air temperature) caused the depressive development of plant pathogens in most phases of vegetation. It has contributed to an increase in yield, improvement of its quality due to better ripening of berries, as well as reduce the number of treatments in the vineyards, which can reduce the pesticide load and improve the environment of ampelocenosis.