Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
We carried out a two-year research in the affected by phytoplasma disease (Bois noir) Chardonnay vineyards in the South-West zone of Crimea. In 2014, when 26.8 % of the vine bushes have been demonstrated the symptoms of phytoplasma disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 2.5 affected shoots per bush, we found a significant reduction in the average number of bunches on the affected bushes, specifically by 34.5 %; the average bunch weight was reduced by 23.5 %; the estimated vine yield went down by 50.4 %. In 2015, when 62.7 % of vines showed the symptoms of the disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 3.7 affected shoots per bush, the reduction in the average bunch weight reached 61.7 %, that of the vine yield 66.7 %. Monitoring of Auchenorrhyncha revealed four native species that can act as phytoplasma vectors spreading the disease from the infected to healthy plants: Hyalesthes obsoletus, Hyalesthes luteipes, Reptalus panzer, Fieberiella florii. The number of the pests was 1-5 samples in a trap during June-September period. When studying the possibility of reducing the negative impact of Bois noir on grape-vines in case of using plant growth bioactivators K-Humate-Na + Gumasporin and Sana-Tam, as well as bactericide Fitoplazmin (water-soluble concentrate) we werent able to obtain reliable data on curbing the spread of phytoplasmos with the abovementioned drugs under test rates and frequency of treatments. Removing the affected vine shoots resulted in 14.8 % reduction of the number of affected by Bois noir plants and reduction in the damage degree by 1.2 times. Combining agricultural practices with experimental preparations had, to varying degrees, a positive impact on certain quantitative yield indicators; the influence on sugar content in the juice of the berries has not been established. The obtained results are preliminary; the research will be continued.
Now the phytosanitary destabilization in the agricultural ecosystems of the Russian Federation produced the special requirements to the choice of both means, and technologies of restriction of the most dangerous biotrof types. Due to the observed change of prepotent types among the main economic significant types of vermins in the fruit orchards the detailed studying of the appeared dominants for the development of scientifically based protective measures is the actual direction of research. In the Krasnodar Region the two-lined pyralid moth has been noted in 2002 in the peach orchards by of Yarysheva I.A. In 2005 in a Northern zone of gardening this vermin caused the serious damage in the apple gardens. In the recent years the pyralid moth damages practically all fruit crops. Data of multi-year research on studying of fly dynamics of two-lined pyralid moth and biological features of her development are presented in the article. It is defined that the pupation of the wintering caterpillars of the vermin is beginning with approach of steady average daily temperature +10 +12º. Process of pupation of caterpillars continues 10-15 days. The comparative analysis of development of an apple codling moth and a two-lined pyralid moth has shown that the period of lay eggs by female of a two-lined pyralid moth coincides with the beginning of produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The beginning of produce of caterpillars of a pyralid moth coincides with a mass produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The same tendency is noted in the second and third generations of vermins. Thus follows that against a two-lined pyralid moth it is necessary to carry out eight processings, six of which can be combined with processings against an apple codling moth. The insecticides having expectation term not more than 10-15 days are recommended: voliam flexi, proclaim, calipso, lannat or avant.
At the present stage of development of fruit growing the elaboration of new technically and economically effective approaches to cultivation and protection of fruit crops dictates the need of scientific based control of the number of harmful and useful components of an agricultural cenosis of fruit garden. Research on dynamics f specific composition of phytophages and identification of the prevalence types in the fruit orchards acquire a special relevance. The purpose of this work is to carry out the analysis of a phytosanitary condition of fruit orchards of the Crimea, to establish the changes of taxonomical structure and their reasons, to select the economically significant and dominating species of phytophages. The research was carried out in 2002-2016 in the fruit orchards of three regions of Crimea. The specific and quantitative structure of arthropods in the gardens was defined according to methodical recommendations. An analysis of the dynamics entomofauna changes in the fruit orchards of Crimea are presented in the article. It is established that the protection means applicated in the technologies of fruit crops growing are responsible for the formation of a certain group of dominant phytophagouses. It was found that during the period from 2002 to 2016 in the apple orchards the Lepidoptera share decreased in 8.0 %, Homoptera and Coleoptera remained were at the same level, and the share of phytophagous mites increased in 7% due to the appearance of species not previously encountered. It is noted that the pear gardens occupy only 10% of the territory because this crop is more exacting to conditions of cultivation, storage and protection. The prevalence phytophage is Psylla pyri L., reducing the commodity fruits qualities of 2/3 harvest, when expenses up to 140 thousand rub/hectare during the season.
The purpose of research is the improving of protection system of vineyards against a grapes berry moth, considering her bioecology, the weather anomalies and the elements of agricultural technologies. The results of the author long-term inspections of vineyards of Krasnodar Region on population of grapes berry moth are presented in the article, the dynamics of change of its injuriousness is shown, the biological features of vermin's development in the covered and uncovered zones of wine growing with the varieties of various terms of maturing are specified. It is established that the temperature within +15+30 C is necessary for normal development of the vermin and the relative humidity of air more than 50 %. In winter the moth there is in a pupa stage on a grapes bush. During the winter in the uncovered zone of viticulture for various reasons from 15 to 35 % of pupas were dead, and in the covered zone from 40 to 86 %. In the last 5-6 years these indicators have been decreased from 3 to 30 % and from 35 to 75%, respectively. It is noted that at death over 50 % of pupas during the winter period the other approach to protection of vineyards against the vermins is necessary. It is shown that the viability and the fertility of a grapes berry moth depends on weather conditions. At sharp decrease in air temperature to +5... +10 C the pair individuals don't occur, and in time of long (7-10 days) period of temperature increasing the posterity is impractical. The phytosanitary condition of grapes orchards also exerts impact on the injuriousness of caterpillars: the grapes bunches with oidium the grapes berry moth doesn't occupy. In this case the correction of terms and frequency rate of application of biological preparations or insecticides is necessary. In the article the recommendations which need to be followed for receiving of ecologically safe grapes harvest are given.
Grapes berry moth is the dangerous grapes vermin feeding on the buds, flowers, young ovaries, green and ripe berries that leads to essential losses of a harvest of grapes orchards. In the article it is noted that last years in the conditions of Low Pre Don the injuriousness of a grapes berry moth has grown significantly to economically significant threshold that it is possibly o explain with increase in average annual air temperature in the region up to +11 C (usual annual temperature of +9,4 C). This problem demands of the search of effective fight measures against a vermin. The objects of our research are the perennial grapes plants of different varieties. For the control of number of grapes berry moth population in the grapes orchards we used the alarm pheromone traps in the experiments and we also carried out the accounting and the subsequent protective measures in compliance with the methodical recommendations. According to the date of carried out research it is established that the increase in average annual air temperature in the region to +11 C promoted the increase in injuriousness of a grapes berry moth in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties. The spreading of a grapes berry moth during the plants vegetation period was uneven. It is shown that the second vermin's generation was the most harmful taking into consideration the quantity of the caught butterflies (20 individuals in a trap per day) and the number of damaged grapes bunches. In 2015 in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties the insecticide Insegar has been twice applied; in 2016 we consistently alternated a biological preparation of Lepidotsid and an insecticide of Pirineks Super. It is established that effective protective actions with use of these preparations, and also the elimination of the spreading center of a grapes berry moth promoted in 2016 to essential decrease in its number.