Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The article is dedicated to the 78th anniversary of Victory in the Great Fatherland War. It reflects the typical facts of biography of Great Fatherland War veteran, at the beginning of a researcher, and then for 11 years the director of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and winemaking � Sergenko Stepan Semenovich.

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The article presents the results of the research work of the institution, obtained in 2022. Research is focused on solving the problems of accelerating the creation of new varieties of horticultural crops based on the mobilization of bioresource collections using molecular genetic methods and digital technologies; ensuring environmental and economic sustainability and optimal productivity of perennial agrocenoses, as well as the quality and safety of preserved plant agricultural raw materials based on biologization and digitalization of technological processes, etc. The analysis of the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication, inventive activity, innovative, educational and financial and economic activities of a scientific institution. As a result of R&D, 106 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 67 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved � 7060 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 48 varieties; clones were selected and 5 donors and 40 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 3 varieties of fruit crops: 2 apple � Anita and Gaito Gazdanov, and one of sweet cherries � Slavyanka. The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2022 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes Delicious Maria apple variety, Yasno solnyshko sweet cherry variety, Novogodnaya quince variety and 5 grape varieties: Varvarovskiy, Garmoniya, Zinta, Reksavi, Novokubanskiy. In the USAIS electronic accounting database, output products in the form of intellectual property objects for 91 completed developments are registered. Normative documentation was developed in the form of company standards, technological instructions and specifications for 31 completed developments.

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Research of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking � branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making�, is focused on searching, mobilizing, preserving and studying the gene resources of grapes; creation of a new generation of grape varieties that combine adaptability, suitable for intensive, resource-energy-saving technologies; development of software in the monitoring system of agrobiological indicators of vine plantations within the boundaries of the terroir based on digital technologies for positioning, collecting and processing data; substantiation of methodological approaches and obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of changes in the component composition of wine products depending on the grape variety, taking into account various agricultural practices and changing terroir factors. As a result of the research, 10 completed developments were received. The preserved gene pool of grapes in 2022 amounted to 4964 genotypes. New sources of breeding-valuable traits were identified � large berries in two varieties (Yubiley Moldavii, Kobzar) and seedlessness in three varieties (Ruby Seedless, Assol, Lotos). A codifier of varieties has been developed � �Automated system for codifying grape varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection� (Certificate No. 2022668027) and a computer program: �Automated system for collecting, recording and processing data on agrobiological and phenological indicators of grape varieties� (Certificate No. 2022665023). According to a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant features and properties, in 2022, 3 elite grape hybrid forms of the technical direction of use and the average ripening period were identified. Grape varieties Varvarovsky and Garmoniya are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. In the field of grape processing, new knowledge about the mechanisms of change in the component composition of wine products has been obtained. The control indicator of the implementation of the Research plan by publication activity according to the State Task for 2022 was a publication score of 7.0. The actual score was 7.14 points. In the process of carrying out research, all the tasks set in the State Task were completed.

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The main results of scientific research of the KRISPAP � branch of FSBSI NCFSCHVW, obtained in 2022 by scientists of the Institute in the implementation of the State Task in 4 scientific areas within the framework of the implementation of 2 complex topics, as well as data reflecting publication effectiveness and patent-licensing activity are presented. Research work was carried out in accordance with the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) in the direction of: 4.4.1 Storage and processing of agricultural products. Ensuring the priorities of the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030) provides for the need to conduct scientific research, the purpose of which is to identify patterns and mechanisms of the controlled transformation of pressed beet pulp, phospholipid concentrates � liquid lecithins and tomato pomace using physical, physical and chemical and biotechnological methods aimed at regulating the properties, formation of the quality and safety of complexes of food pectin-containing fibers, phospholipids and carotenoids, and based on the identified patterns, the development of resource-saving technologies for their production, as well as scientific research aimed at identifying the patterns of development and interaction of producer strains biological preparations and pathogenic microorganisms (bacterial and fungal nature) that reduce losses from microbiological spoilage of zucchini, eggplant, garden carrot, white cabbage and leafy vegetables for development of resource-saving storage technologies based on the identified patterns. The results of scientific research were published in peer-reviewed journals � 31 scientific articles, including 8 articles in journals included in the core of the RSCI, 16 articles in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 5 articles in journals indexed in international information and analytical citation systems Web of Science and Scopus. 8 articles have been published in the materials and collections of International Scientific and Practical Conferences. 1 instructional medium and 2 recommended practice also published. Based on the results of scientific research, 4 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions and 3 certificates of registration of computer programs were received, as well as 5 applications for alleged inventions were submitted to FIIP.

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The article summarizes the results of the research work of scientists of the DBESV&VG branch of the NCFSCHVW, carried out in accordance with the State Task for 2022 and the Research Plan for 2022-2026 on the basis of the Program of the FSR of the State Academies of Sciences for 2021-2030. The research results reflect the main directions of the research station: genetic resources, breeding and varietal study of grapes, vegetable and subtropical fruit crops; development of methodology for the creation and operation of intensive own-root grape plantings in the phylloxera infestation zone; obtaining environmentally safe products of grapes, vegetables and subtropical fruit crops. The main objectives of the research work are the creation of new grape genotypes, based on the mobilization of the potential of wild species, native and high-value introduced varieties with high productivity, product quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses; improvement of the methodological base to accelerate the breeding process of grapes; disclosure of the fundamental mechanisms of the formation of genetic and functional resistance to grape diseases and pests, which will create the basis for the purposeful creation of new varieties with specified characteristics; scientific and applied bases for obtaining environmentally safe raw materials for the production of functional foods and dietary supplements for the prevention of oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The research results obtained in 2022 expanded the base of genetic sources and methodological approaches for the creation of adaptive grape varieties in the changing climatic conditions of the south of Russia, allowed to expand methodological approaches to the creation of own-root grape plantings and management of resistance to stressors, confirmed the fundamental possibility and effectiveness of hormonal management of the development of grape plants from the first year of life, as well as the quality of raw grapes, tomato and broccoli to create environmentally safe functional foods and dietary supplements, focused on the prevention of socially ignificant diseases.

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Fundamental scientific research of the FSBSI �ARNRIVW �Magarach� RAS� is focused on the conservation and mobilization, the study of the gene pool of grapes, the identification of gene sources for marker-associated breeding. Comparative characteristics of 50 varieties were obtained for the formation of a database; 4 potential sources of valuable traits. Microsatellite profiles of 50 unknown grape samples and 66 hybrids were obtained for the certification of genetic resources. Identification of 23 grape samples was performed; the genotypes of 50 wild grape samples of Crimea were evaluated by 3 SSR loci VC8g9, VMC1g3.2, VMC4f3.1 associated with the genes Rpv6, Rpv13, Run1. A system of induction of the development of various stages of somatic embryoids of grapes has been developed. Cytogenetic study of plants in vitro was carried out. A new gene pool was obtained in the amount of 6199 hybrid seeds and 733 hybrid seedlings. To determine the physiological and morphological criteria of heat resistance and to identify the varietal specificity of autochthonous grape varieties, the possibility of testing them for resistance to high temperatures in the leaf area in vitro was established; varieties that adapt better to heat conditions were identified: Alburla, Tanagoz and Tergulnek. The emphasis is on the creation of technology of clonal micro-propagation, the use in the production of a vegetative collection of grape varieties and clones in vitro, the development of biotechnologies for improving plants from phytopathogens, the development of technologies for testing planting material for latent infections of viruses, phytoplasmas and bacterial cancer. Recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticulture and winemaking based on agroecological zoning of the territory have been developed. The best varietal-rootstock combinations were highlighted. A structured data set (photosets) has been formed, containing about 102 thousand photographs of parts of grape plants, including those with symptoms of lesion, damage by 11 infectious diseases, 12 phytophages and 8 non-infectious developmental pathologies. For organic viticulture, the effectiveness of 6 technological protection schemes and 6 microbiological preparations and biologically active substances was evaluated. Data on reducing losses and maintaining the marketable quality of table grapes during long-term storage were obtained. The obtained results are the basis for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products.

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The article presents the results of research activities for 2022 of the FSBSI �ARNRIV&W� Magarach� RAS� on wine-making, carried out in accordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030). The system of control over the production of wines with zero and reduced SO2-load is justified: selection of varieties and quality control of grapes by pH value, sugar content, titrated acids, aldehydes, ketoacids, sulfurous acid, oxidase activity; screening of Sacch. cerevisiae cultures, which provides an assessment of the duration of adaptation to sulfur dioxide, determination of growth parameters and the ability to synthesize acetaldehyde and SO2, selection of cultures for the grape variety; postoperative control of the production and processing of wine materials by pH. Significant indicators have been established that take into account the origin of grapes and characterize its technological potential. The dynamics of the components of the physico-chemical composition (volatile substances, aromatic aldehydes and acids, substances of phenolic nature and the degree of tannin oxidation), optical and organoleptic characteristics of cognac distillates in contact with oak wood for 3 years of aging, taking into account the grape variety, were established. The stability of natural strains of lactic acid bacteria to sulfur dioxide and phenolic substances was assessed, information was obtained on the ability of strains of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize biogenic amines. A collection of strains of lactic acid bacteria, promising and safe for wine-making, has been formed. The main approaches to solving the problem of confirming the geographical origin of wine products were highlighted. In the stems and leaves of shoots of grape plants were identified representatives of biologically active compounds: oxybenzoic acids, oxycoric acids, flavones, stilbene substances; oligomeric procyanidins, polymer proanthocyanidins. The obtained results contribute to improving the quality of domestic wine products, expanding its production, including wine-making with ecological and geographical statuses, the production of cognac and grape processing products of a functional orientation, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring the country's food independence.

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The article summarizes the results of scientific researches conducted by the ARRIV&W � branch of the FSBSI FRARC in 2022. The research was aimed at: preservation and study of the genetic collection of grapevine plants, creation of new varieties with high biological potential, management of the production process, formation of technologies for the production of improved planting material, new systems of grape cultivation, monitoring and protection of grape plantations from harmful organisms, study of the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the growth, development of plants and the quality of products. As a result of the research, new knowledge was obtained in the field of viticulture and wine-making, the mobilization and replenishment of the ampelographic collection with varieties of various ecological and geographical origins continued, valuable genotypes were identified for their use in practical breeding and introduction into production. Breeding material was obtained: 2 donors, 52 sources of economically valuable traits. 26 seedlings, 22 promising forms of grapevine were identified as the elite. The seedless table-technical complex-resistant high-yielding grapevine variety Kivin was submitted to the State Varietal Testing. In 2022, 4 grape varieties were included to the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. Biotechnological methods were developed for medium-term storage of grapevine in the collection in vitro. Experimental data were obtained on improving the technologies of planting material production and maintaining semi-covered and covered vineyards, which ensure the stable production of grapes and viticultural products. Seven vine-growing zones in Rostov region were allocated. The ecological, agrobiological, technological parameters of grapes and wine that affect the quality of grape and wine products have been determined.

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The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods of variety study and breeding generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the center for collective use �Research and breeding collection of genetic resources of horticultural crops�. The objects of research are 57 varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy, ecological geographic and genetic origin. The purpose of the study is to study allelic polymorphism for the self-incompatibility gene during pollination in representatives of the genus Malus Mill. for use in apple breeding. The CTAB method was used to prepare the DNA preparation. To identify alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10 of the desired gene used the method of PCR analysis. It was revealed that these alleles of the S gene have a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence in the studied sample. The most common allele is S2, the frequency of which is the highest in the sample � 40.35%; the frequency of occurrence of alleles S3, S5, S7 and S10 is significantly lower (in 1.9�4.6 times) and is 21.05 %; 8.77 %; 17.54 % and 21.05 %, respectively. Among scab-immune apple cultivars, the S2 and S10 alleles are the most common (distribution frequency 54.17 % and 33.33 %, respectively). According to the results of DNA analysis among 57 sample samples in 10 varieties: Victoria, Virginia, Gertrude, John Downey, Zheltozelenoe, Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Nikita, Riesling red, Florking did not reveal the presence of alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10. With the exception of Victoria and Virginia varieties with low pollen viability, the remaining varieties are identified as promising pollinators (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability) for use in breeding and production. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the collection fund, replenishing information databases, identifying the best pollinators for breeding research and use in production.

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Obtaining high-quality sweet cherry fruits in recent years correlates quite strongly with the degree of adaptability of cultivated varieties, which is determined by the weather and climatic factors of the region. The timing of the passage of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of sweet cherries and their duration in the moderate continental climate of southern Russia have been established. The types of stressors that occur during the period of intensive development of sweet cherry fruit organs and their influence on the productivity of varieties are described. The obtained data showed that the temperature during the development of fruit buds of sweet cherries can vary greatly, so in the phenophase �dormant period of fruit buds� it was within + 4.4 º� (2020) � + 2.3 º� (2019), respectively and timing were different. Consequently, changes in the temperature regime affect the speed and rate of development of spring phenophases. Against the background of the action of weather stressors, groups of sweet cherry varieties were established, which are most susceptible to the influence of abiotic factors and react with a decrease in yield capacity. Thus, early varieties during the study period had lower productivity compared to medium and late varieties. Among all groups, varieties with stable fruiting even under conditions of stressors were distinguished � Alaya, Anons, Dar izobiliya, Volshebnitsa. A correlation has been established between the yield capacity and the abiotic factors that affect its implementation (average monthly temperature during the dormant and flowering periods and the total precipitation in the same phenophases), as well as the temperature factor for the duration of the dormant and flowering periods. Regression analysis revealed the greatest relationship between factors such as yield capacity and average air temperature during the flowering period (R2 = 0.972), the temperature factor did not significantly affect the duration of the phenophases of the dormant and flowering periods (R2 = 0.004; R2 = 0.239, respectively).

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The article considers the issue of studying the morphogenesis of generative buds of sweet cherry varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar region, the influence of the temperature factor on the nature of the course of this process and the subsequent yield capacity of the studied plants. According to the literature data, in dry years, the laying of flower buds begins 2-3 weeks earlier than usual. At the same time, excessive drought delays or completely stops both the formation of buds and their differentiation. During the research period of 2021, the temperature that slows down the development of generative buds of stone fruit crops (more than 30 ºC) was observed throughout July and August, and in 2022 for the entire study period, reaching the category of a dangerous phenomenon in September. Periods of insufficient precipitation in 2021 were observed from the second decade of July to the first decade of August. In 2022, the growing season was drier than the previous one, which accelerated the differentiation of flower buds. The results of the analysis of the morphology of flower buds made it possible to identify varieties that are resistant to critical summer temperatures: Slavyanka, Romantika, Bigarro Oratovsky, Drogana Drogana zheltaya, Valery Chkalov, Kavkazskaya, Kosmicheskaya, Summit, Alaya, Volshebnitsa. The yield capacity of the studied sweet cherry varieties showed that stable fruiting was distinguished by: Kavkazskaya (average yield capacity was 17.5 kg/tree), Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya (20 kg/tree), Kosmicheskaya (22.5 kg/tree), Romantika (13.5 kg/tree), Drogana zheltaya (20.5 kg/ ree), Slavyanka (16.5 kg/tree), Summit (10 kg/tree). Varieties that give the highest yields in years with critically high temperatures can be recommended for cultivation in the conditions of southern horticulture, and they can serve as sources for breeding for heat resistance and productivity of cherry varieties.

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In recent years, a tendency to increase the negative impact of low-temperature stressors in the winter and spring periods on walnut (Juglans regia L.) plants has been noted in the conditions of the North Caucasian region of southern Russia. The most dangerous is lowering the temperature to negative values during the growing season in the spring, since walnut trees are very vulnerable due t o recurrent spring frosts, even a slight decrease in air temperature can cause significant damage to plants. Just one frost event can lead to crop loss. With an increase in the temperature regime in the spring, the development of buds and the growth of annual shoots begin in the walnut, as a result of which their vulnerability to freezing is constantly increasing. The purpose of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes for creating walnut varieties with increased resistance to cold stress, promising for cultivation in the south of Russia. Modern programs and methods of breeding and varietal study were used. The results of a long-term study (2019-2022) of walnut collection samples growing in the conditions of the North Caucasus region are presented. The study found that all hybrid forms are of Asian origin. Most damage from low temperatures was noted in hybrid seedlings from the family Ya-B-84. This fact is due to the seedlings obtained from the family Ya-B-84 and are second-generation hybrids from the Central Asian variety Bostanlyksky, while other hybrid families have Central Asian forms in the third and fourth generation. Thus, the low adaptability in the conditions of the North Caucasus in seedlings from the family � Ya-B-84 is explained by the significant presence of the introduced germplasm in the origin. Hybrid walnut forms resistant to low-temperature stressors of the winter-spring period have been identified: 17-3-34, 17-3-41, 17-3-44, 17-2-20, 17-2-26, 17-2-30, 17-2-35, 17-2-41, 17-3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, 17-3-30, 17-3-48, 17-3-12, 17- 3-16, 17-3-22, with a maximum degree of freezing in winter � 1 point, in spring � 2 points (when the temperature drops to -2.7 º C in the second decade of April 2020).

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This article presents the results of varietal study for a five-year period (2018-2022) of a new table grape variety of interspecific cross Yangar bred by All-Russian Research Institute named after Ya. I. Potapenko for Viticulture and Winemaking � Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �FRARC�. The studies were carried out on the vineyards of the Experimental Field of the ARRIV&W named after YA.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region) according to generally accepted methods in viticulture, GOSTs and cultivation technology. Vineyards are non-covering, non-irrigated, grafted, rootstock Oppenheim 4 (SO 4). The vineyard planting scheme is 3.0 x 1.5 m, bush shape is palmet pruning on the middle stem, medium pruning. Based on the results of the study, data on agrobiological indicators, phenological bservations, productivity, chemical and technological characteristics of grape are provided, and an uvological assessment of fresh grapes is given. An ampelographic description of the grapevines is given, the main istinguishing morphological features are provided. Yangar belongs to varieties of early-medium ripening (the period from budbreak to ripeness of berries is 127 days), it ripens in the conditions of Novocherkassk at the end of August. The variety has very large bunches and berries (average weight 526 and 13.6 g, respectively), a high yield of commercial grapes, and a vineyard yield capacity of 14 t/ha. Yangar over the years of research has established itself as relatively resistant to major fungal diseases and downy mildew (at the level of 2.5-3.0 points on a five-point scale), with high winter hardiness and potential fruitfulness (84.6 % of breaking buds, of which 82.2 % of fruiting shoots). The new variety has relatively high sugar content in grape berries of 17.2 g/100 cm3 , low titratable acidity of 4.9 g/dm3 , and gluco-acidometric index of 3.5. The fault of this variety includes shedding of berries when the bushes are overloaded with a yield.

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The article considers the issue of the impact of the load of table grape bushes with shoots and bunches on plant productivity. The place of research is the fourth subzone of the Central Agroecological Zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, characterized by a moderate continental climate and low�humus, leached powerful chernozems as soils. As an object of research after exploratory studies in 2021, among different table grape varieties (Gurman Kraynova, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Kishmish Dubovskiy and Centennial Seedless), the Centennial Seedless variety was selected as promising for studying the load of bushes with shoots and bunches according to the parameters of the proportion of fruiting shoots (93 %), the bunch weight (0.73 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.73 kg per shoot). According to the indicator complex in the first year of research after the experimental field trial, the following variants of bush loading with shoots and bunches were distinguished: the control first variant (35 shoots and 27 bunches per bush after breaking-off shoots) by the proportion of dead buds (16.7 %) and fruiting shoots (72.5 %), the number of inflorescences (30 pcs.), the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.75), yield capacity (26.7 t/ha) and shoot productivity (0.59 kg per shoot); the fourth variant (23 shoots and 21 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.81) and the productivity of the shoot (0.7 kg per shoot), the fifth variant (23 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k2 (1.45), the bunch weight (0.91 kg), the loss from the bush (0.33 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.56 kg per shoot), the seventh variant (17 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the proportion of dead buds (16 %), fruitfulness coefficients k1 (0.81) and k2 (1.55); the ninth variant (13 shoots and 8 bunches) according to the proportion of fruiting shoots (61.5 %), fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.77) and shoot productivity (0.55 kg per shoot).

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The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the South-coast zone of Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Southern coast of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea, 15 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: on the territory of the city district of Alushta � 7, the city district of Sudak � 11, the city district of Feodosia � 8, the city district of Yalta � 5. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Southern coast of Crimea were developed.

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Creation and cultivation of economically feasible and environmentally safe orchard, especially important in a market economy. An important task for expanding the area of cultivation of subtropical fruit crops, in particular, oriental persimmon, is to increase the frost resistance of varieties and obtain planting material with a well-developed root system. In the fruits of subtropical crops (persimmon, fig, feijoa, black olive) with valuable medicinal and dietary properties, the sugar content (mainly fructose) is several times higher than that of conventional fruit crops (apple, pear, plum). Oriental persimmon fruits contain 0.025-0.0415 mg % of vitamin P, 0.15-11.8 mg % of carotenoid, l100-530 mg% of leucoanthocyanin, 45.6 mg% of vitamin �. Three types of persimmons have become widespread in Dagestan, - date plum persimmon with a well-developed fibrous root system, common persimmon with high frost resistance and oriental persimmon with high commodity fruit qualities. The idea to combine all three types of persimmon in one plant using vegetative hybridization was implemented in work: date plum persimmon (rootstock), oriental persimmon (scion) and common persimmon (intercalary insert). The resulting three-component planting material meets high requirements and can be used in regions with relatively cold climates. Practically, when growing such persimmon plants in areas with a cold climate, there is no need for transportation valuable fruits from the southern regions and, accordingly, the price will decrease and the quality indicators of this product will remain. Breeding studies are planned in the future with the participation of these oriental persimmon plants with intercalary insert of common persimmon.

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The development of horticulture requires the maximum realization of the biological potential of productivity by plants. The cultivation of perennial crops on high-carbonate soils in the south of Russia and, in particular, the Crimea, limits the increase in productivity by the weak availability of macro- and microelements contained in the soil. Domestic horticultural science has moved in the direction of the selection of carbonate-resistant rootstocks and the application of plant topdressing. Abroad, on similar soils, at the same time, the possibility of reducing carbonate content by using sulfur-containing ameliorants is being studied. This direction has been little studied in our country and requires detailed consideration in model or production conditions. The field trial of studying the effect of chemical sulfur-containing ameliorant in preparing the soil for laying the orchard was carried out in the period from 2014 to 2020. At the same time, not only granulated sulfur was used as options, but also as an event generally accepted in the region � the introduction of large doses of phosphogypsum. Also, as a measure for a faster transition of sulfur to the active state, one of the options was with sowing mustard in the rows of the orchard for subsequent grinding and embedding in the soil. Due to the introduction of granular sulfur for plantage treatment, a decrease in soil carbonate was achieved. At the same time, the application of phosphogypsum had no effect on the reaction of the soil solution. The use of phosphogypsum as a chemical ameliorant positively affected the productivity of perennial plantings by 35%, however, it is possible to achieve an increase in yield capacity through the application of sulfur followed by sowing mustard in row spacing (the increase in the first yield compared to the control is 105 %).

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Plum pox virus in stone fruit crop plantings is one of the factors increasing the cost of cultivation of these crops. Infestation of stone fruit crops can reach 41-50 % in the Russian Federation regions of the middle zone, which is a serious threat to the production process. Infection with this virus often causes drop of leaves, ovaries and fruits in susceptible varieties. Methods to combat this virus are expensive and difficult to implement in the technological process. The most effective approach is plantation monitoring and elimination of infected plants. Since PPV contains RNA in its structure, the assay must obtain a quality preparation of total RNA. To obtain information on the quality of the isolated RNA, internal positive controls of RT-PCR are often used. In this work, the method for identification of the plum pox virus using a duplex with an internal amplification control was perfected. The ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene was used as a control because of its stable expression and high mRNA copy number. The material for this study was leaves of Kabardinskaya ranniaya plum (Prunus domestica L.), collected in early and late May in Krasnodar (Krasnodar region). The analysis was performed using molecular biological methods of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. Detection of amplification products was performed in 2% agarose gel. Plum pox virus was diagnosed in all examined samples of symptomatic material. Multiplex PCR with the primer pairs under study required the use of gradient annealing of the primers with a temperature change of 3.18 �C/sec. When using a cDNA matrix less than 50 ng/�l, a decrease in PCR quality is possible. A method for the diagnosis of plum pox virus using an internal amplification control was perfected and modified.

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The mass concentration of biogenic amines is an important indicator of the quality and the safety of food products, including alcohol. This indicator is standardized in wine products in most European countries. Many factors influence the concentration of biogenic amines in wines. The important factors among them are the conditions and duration of storage. As a result of studying the influence of air temperature, type of packaging, bottle position and keeping period of white wine materials on the concentration of biogenic amines, it was found that storage in a barrel does not significantly affect biogenic amines. In white wine stored n bottles in a vertical position, with an increase in temperature to 22 º� and with an increase in the duration of storage, an increase by 2 times on average in the concentration of all the studied biogenic amines was noted. In wine stored in bottles in a horizontal position, with an increase in temperature and duration of storage, an increase in the concentration of biogenic amines was also noted, but to a lesser extent than in a vertical position. During the storage of red wine materials in a barrel, the total concentration of biogenic amines decreased due to a decrease in the concentrations of phenylethylamine, putrescine and cadaverine. These biogenic amines were not detected in the samples after 60 days, which could be due to the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on decarboxylase enzymes. Statistical processing of the obtained experimental data made it possible to establish the dependence of the change in biogenic amines on several qualitative features (type of packaging, bottle position, temperature and storage time), which contributed to the discovery of the relationship between factors in the study of a complex model. The obtained data confirm that during the storage of wines it is necessary to control the conditions (at temperatures from 5 �C to 20 �C) established in the regulatory documentation and ensuring the quality and safety of the finished product.

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The culture of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles) is new not only for industrial and amateur gardening, but also for the processing industry, because previously it was not introduced into the recipe compositions and technological instructions for the production of canned products. Studies have shown that the fruits of Chaenomeles do not have a high content of dry substances, but significantly exceed the fruits of pome crops in terms of the amount of organic acids. They contain a complex of biologically active substances necessary for the human body, such as: vitamins C, P, polyphenol nd pectin substances. The content of vitamins is much higher than that of quince fruits of cultivated varieties, especially in terms of vitamin C content, whose indicators are 5-6 times higher. The polyphenol complex of Chaenomeles is represented by leucoanthocyanins and flavonols, which differ taking into account the variety. The spectrum of biological action of pectin substances on the human body is that they have an immunomodulatory effect, are able to remove heavy metals, biogenic toxins, anabolics, xenobiotics, metabolic products and biologically harmful substances that can accumulate in the body: cholesterol, lipids, bile acids, urea. The value of the fruits of Chaenomeles also lies in the fact that they contain various substances that affect the nutritional properties of the finished product, their therapeutic and prophylactic qualities and manufacturability. Therefore, the fruits of Chaenomeles can be used as a blend in the production of many types of canned products, including puree, as well as in the production of nectars, juices with pulp, drinks, jam, etc. In the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries, a comparative analysis of the chemical indicators of the quality of the fruits of Chaenomeles and common quince in the varietal section was carried out. The distinctive features of Chaenomeles fruits from cultivated varieties of common quince have been established, which emphasize the value of the studied fruits and allow them to be recommended for the production of functional drinks. Based on the obtained data, recipe models of the drink �Solnechnyi� based on apple juice and puree from the fruits of Chaenomeles were developed. In parallel with the determination of the balance of nutrients, the developed beverage was balanced according to the main organoleptic indicators. It is established that the content of vitamins that determine antioxidant activity in the drink of functional purpose �Solnechnyi� is 290,4 mg/100 g.

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The article presents the results of research on improving the technology for the production of canned apple compote from apples. The studies were carried out in 2021-2022 at the laboratory base of the Dagestan State Technical University. The most important condition for ensuring normal growth, development, as well as the resistance of the children's body to adverse environmental factors, is the organization of rational nutrition, and therefore, its high nutritional value, determined by the nutrient composition of the finished product, which, along with the nutritional value of the raw materials used, is also determined by perfection of the production technology used, which encourages their improvement. Comprehensive assessment of the biochemical composition of apples shows that secondary products obtained during their cutting and cleaning (peel, seed cell, etc.), along with carbohydrates, contain a large amount of biologically active components. The main role in improving technologies to ensure a high nutrient composition of products is played by the intensification of the processes of preliminary sterilization (blanching and final heat treatment), as an obligatory and longest stage in the technological cycle of the production of compotes for child nutrition. New solutions in the implementation of the set goal are: the use of an effective method of microwave blanching of fruits directly in glass jars; the use of an infusion from secondary products obtained by extracting them in water at a temperature of +60 �C for 10-15 minutes after treatment in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency for 1.5 minutes and an accelerated mode of thermal sterilization based on a preliminary increase in the temperature of the product before sealing cans up to +80 �C followed by sterilization using two-stage cooling. The proposed technology contributes to saving more than 10 kg of sugar per 1 tube of products while ensuring high nutritional value of the finished product; the content of vitamin C in compote made by improved technology is 2 times higher than by traditional technology. To implement the method of microwave blanching, the design of an apparatus for microwave processing of fruits in glass jars was also developed.

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The article presents the research conducted at the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station � branch of VIR, where the genetic collection of the Chinese plum (Prunus Salicina Lindl.) is concentrated in the storage orchards, which includes about 300 genotypes of different ecological and geographical and genetic origin (Ussuri, American and their subspecies). In the process of primary varietal study, new varieties of plum of Chinese foreign breeding were identified for use in the food industry. Due to the fact that the zoned varieties are limited to Ussuri plums and are cultivated mainly in the Far East, they do not meet the requirements of modern horticulture in Southern Russia. There is a question about the selection of a Chinese plum assortment in order to obtain raw materials for the canning industry in the Southern fruit growing zone. Varieties of American (California), Spain and other countries breeding are the best representatives of commercial Chinese plums in the world. Chinese plum is known in Russia only as dessert "imported" imported product and is not used at all in the canning industry in the country. The requirements for growing conditions make this type of plum inaccessible to many regions of Russia, therefore, in the segment of agricultural business it occupies an undeveloped niche, as it is inferior to Russian and domestic plum in resistance to diseases and winter hardiness. The aim of the research was to study the organoleptic parameters of the fruits of 15 introduced varieties of Chinese plum for suitability for canning. A conveyor for ripening fruit products has been compiled for long-term delivery of raw materials for canning processing. The characteristics of organoleptic properties and tasting assessments of canned food by sensory analysis are determined. The varieties most suitable for the canning industry are identified: Royal Garnet, Santa Rosa, Ozark Premier, Crimson Glo, Catalina, Superior, Angeleno (�), Black Star and Larry Ann. This is relevant for a new crop, the potential of which can be successfully realized in the southern zone of fruit growing in Russia.

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The results of studying the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids, minerals and organic acids in the red varietal wine �Cabernet Sauvignon� depending on the climatic conditions of the grape growing region are presented. A comparative study showed that in wine obtained from grapes harvested in 2021, the total content of amino acids exceeds that of 2017 by 18 %, macronutrients � by 19 %. Obviously, this was facilitated by a combination of a warm climate and twice the amount of precipitation in 2021. It was found that in both cases, the amino acid proline, which is poorly absorbed during fermentation, prevailed, which explains its quantitative advantage in wine, and potassium ions, which is a necessary factor of yeast growth. In the wine material of the 2021 harvest, the content of organic acids, which affect the extension of the shelf life, color stability, and the creation of a taste bouquet of wine, was studied. In quantitative terms, tartaric (53.66 %), malic (15.44 %), succinic (14.74 %) acids prevailed. The total content of phenolcarboxylic acids with antioxidant and bactericidal properties was 84.92 mg/l; among them, caffeic acid (59.95 %), which enhances and stabilizes the color of red wines, prevailed; gallic acid (0.95 %), which is part of grape tannins, was contained in the least amount in the studied wine. Ascorbic acid, used in production to prevent wine oxidation, was 16.74 %, nicotinic acid, which activates the process of alcoholic fermentation, was 6.39 %. The content of orotic and chlorogenic acids, which have an antioxidant effect, was 10.41 and 5.57 %, respectively. The combination of the amount of total precipitation and the sunshine intensity, which contribute to the accumulation of biologically valuable compounds in grapes, as well as the use of the active strain S. cerevisiae Y-4270 in biotechnology, influenced the formation of the organoleptic properties of wine, in particular, the berry aroma characteristic of the southern regions.