Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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In the article is actualized the need of creation an electronic database of the grape gene pool, focused on the characteristics of its ecological potential. A step-by-step development of an electronic database architecture for assessing the ecological potential of grape varieties and documentation of the grape gene pool, including the program interface; a dictionary of data to be stored in the database; data types for each element are presented. The requirements imposed by variety specialists, breeders, agronomists and technologists-winemakers to the electronic database are analyzed, analysis of the main characteristics of grape varieties that should be included in the database are conducted, taking into account the reaction of plants to the specificity of environmental conditions and resistance to abiotic factors, as a result of which 81 parameters, grouped by functional groups, are selected as the characteristics that most fully describe the economically valuable characteristics of grape varieties. The logical structure is constructed and the physical design of the database is carried out. To implement the task of selecting varieties according to the specified criteria, three algorithms are implemented, depending on the type and user requirements for the selected varieties. Due to the increased stressfulness of the environment and the need of focusing on the ecological characteristics of varieties, based on the analysis of empirical data, physiological and biochemical indicators that most fully characterize the resistance of grape varieties to abiotic stresses have been established. Algorithms for assessing genotypes with a focus on weather and climate specifics have been developed. In order to rank the variety forms according to the degree of resistance to dehydration and extreme low and high temperatures, a scale of test varieties (standards) from low to high resistant has been developed. The developed algorithm and related elements allowed to create a conceptual model of the decision-making system for the differentiated assessment of the stress resistance of grape samples and their use in different climatic zones. in different climatic zones.

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The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and varietal study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The purpose of the research is to allocate the most valuable by a set of features representatives of the genus Malus for further use in breeding on a base of the study of their biological features of the growth and fruiting in the conditions of the south of Russia. The study of the biological potential of the productivity of apple genotypes obtained from heteroploid crossings made it possible to conclude about the breeding value of both triploid varieties and forms and diploid. According to the results of multi-year studies, apple genotypes with high yields are allocated (34.92-36.92 t/ha), including triploids: Gin, 12/1-20-59 and diploid variety Granatovoe; all dedicated genotypes from the Idared x Balsgard 0247E family. Higher indicators of the specific productivity of the canopy volume (SPCV), reliably exceeding control, are marked in genotypes with different chromosomal set created with the participation of the triploid Balsgard 0247E. Diploids with high specific productivity of the canopy volume Granatovoe (19.49 kg/m³) and 12/1-20-4 (12.89 kg/m³) are allocated, also triploid variety Gin (13.07 kg/m³) is selected. At the level of control of the SPCV is in large-fruited, high-quality elite forms: 12/1-20-59 and 12/1-20-80. According to the results of multi-year studies, large-fruited elite forms are allocated: 12/1-20-59, 12/1-20-80 and immune to the scab variety Granatovoe, high-yielding, with attractive bright coloring fruits, with a high fruit tasting assessment (4.7-4.8 points), which are promising for inclusion in the future in breeding programs to combine increased productivity indicators, adaptability to the complex of abiotic and biotic stress factors of the cultivation region, high commercial indicators of the quality of fruits.

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The article presents the results of studying the frost tolerance of generative buds of apple varieties and breeding forms in winter and spring in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. The resistance of apple trees to negative factors of growing conditions is one of the most important conditions that determine their economic and breeding value, as well as the effectiveness of cultivation in a specific zone. The study of the frost tolerance of generative buds was carried out by the field method and in laboratory conditions by the method of direct freezing at different stages of organogenesis (December-February -26 ºC, March -21 ºC). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the decrease in frost tolerance of the studied samples occurs with the differentiation of fruit buds. Genotypic differences in the frost tolerance of plants, in the same phase of development of flower buds, which are a biological feature of the variety, are established. Genotypes of different maturation periods were identified (four varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, and two breeding forms were identified in experimental and breeding plantings of the Crimean Experimental Horticulture Station � Idared, Askolda, Golden Delicious, Crimskoe Zimnee, 1-8-�, 60-65. These samples, which have a high degree of frost tolerance of generative buds, are of both practical and theoretical interest. These and some other varieties and forms can be recommended for use in breeding programs of the southern fruit growing zone as sources of winter hardiness. The use of the selected genotypes as the initial forms for obtaining new varieties will create a new generation of adaptive varieties suitable for growing conditions in the south of Russia and increased productivity potential.

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The samples of the genus Prunus L. with different types of resistance to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium hiemale (Higg.)) were identified. Evaluation of 18 new cherry and sweet cherry hybrids of NCFSCHVW breeding to 50 clones of the fungu made it possible to identify the differentiation of the samples according to the effectiveness of resistance to monopustular fungal isolates. High efficiency of resistance (100 % avirulent clones) was shown by 13 samples: AI-1, 3-108, 3-106-107, 3-111, 4r34m, 10 / 15-3, 3-20, 3-61, 3- 39, 3-107, 7-9, AI-5 from B-D-2 (4r2 m), 3-76. Others forms have an efficiency of resistance from 87.3 to 98.5 %, which indicates the need to evaluate immune forms for the effectiveness of resistance in order to control the accumulation of virulence on resistant samples to recommend their use in breeding and genetics. As studies show, horizontal (race-specific) resistance is the most long-term, and finding the parameters that determine it is one of the important directions in the selection of economically valuable plant genotypes. The assessment of genotypes based to leaf spot in terms of the average number of pustules per 1 cm2 of the leaf, resistance index, generative activity of the fungu, showed a difference in the plant lesion and spore formation. Of the 77 studied forms, 6 varieties and forms of sweet cherry and cherry and 5 hybrids were isolated according to the studied indicators. Among them are the varieties of Bigarro Oratovsky, Kosmicheskaya, Cherry 3-33-34, Yuzhanka, hybrids of BI 43-1, 6/4 K, 6/8 K, BI 43 I, etc. The obtained data are important both in breeding for obtaining new forms with a stable long-term non-infectability of diseases, and for isolating the forms of cherries and sweet cherries for use in organic farming technologies.

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When analyzing the currently existing zoned assortment of grapes, you can see the main directions in the breeding of table grape varieties, namely, the creation of high-quality super early and early varieties with elegant bunches and large berries, which have a long period of storage and increased resistance to frost and drought, to vermins and diseases. The essence of the classical method of hybridization consists in directed, scientifically based selection of the original parent pairs for crossing. At the same time, in one hybrid organism, it is possible to combine individual desirable characteristics of the parent pairs or their complex. This study were the elite hybrid forms of table grapes. The study of hybrid forms for a complex of economically valuable breeding traits was carried out by field and laboratory methods at the hybrid plot of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station. As a result of the analysis of data on agrobiological research, it was found: the lowest fruiting coefficient in the hybrid form 59-13 � 1.0, and the highest one in the forms 59-6 and 62-59-1.8; the coefficient of fruitfulness of the studied hybrid forms ranges from 1.3 to 2.1, with the lowest value in the table form 59-43, and the highest value in the 59-6; the average yield from the bush is maximum in the forms of 59-32 and 62-59; the fruitfulness of one shoot is highest in the forms of 62-59, 59-6, 59-13. Results of the biochemical analysis of berry juice in the studied table hybrid forms of grapes show that the juice sugar concentration is approximately the same and ranges from 17.6-18.7 g/100 cm3 . The lowest acidity of berry juice in the forms of 62-59 and 59-43.

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The inheritance of the neutral day type of fruiting in garden strawberry varieties was studied by genetic analysis of the crosses results between short day and neutral day varieties. In the spring-autumn period, in each hybrid combination, an individual registration of seedlings was carried out for the reveal the splitting according to the studied trait into neutral day forms and single fruiting short day plants. The aim of this work is to determine the type of the genes interaction that determine the neutral day fruiting of strawberry in a number of hybrid combinations. For research, the programs and methods generally accepted in Russia were used. With considering of the frequency of splitting in hybrid f amilies, genetic analysis of the inheritance

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The article presents the study of variability in vitro long-term cultivated somaclones, obtained through callus tea culture. Genetic diversity was tested using SSR and ISSR primers. The multilocal ISSR primers characterized by a higher level of polymorphism (40�52 %). The presence of genetic distances between somaclones and between calluses, from which they were obtained, was revealed, although the coefficient of differences was not so significant and amounted to 0,05�0,1. All somaclones had divided into three clusters. Some of the samples were identical, with zero differences. The highest variability of the whole group was detected in the sample �16. Analysis of somaclones population structure revealed that in the study group populations have not expressed by the allele frequencies. The variability induced from the tea callus is of a point nature. All alleles were distributed in the samples in approximately equal proportions. The average distance between samples in the population (expected heterozygosity) were about the same, and the frequency of alleles was 0,57, so all possible populations fell into the same cluster. Tea callus also showed a low level of DNA polymorphism, and a low percentage of genetic differences with somaclones, which confirms the presence of point variation. There was no correlation between the specific somaclon and callus, from which it was obtained � the clustering was of a random nature. SSR and ISSR analysis of full genome DNA showed, that the amplified SSR fragments differed in size within 10 base pairs; heterozygotes were not detected in the population. The structure of the population was homogeneous with an equal distribution of allele frequencies within the population. On the whole, there were a low percentage of genetic differences in the somaclonal variability of tea.

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Locating of vineyards is based on the principle of adapting the commercial grape assortment to agroclimatic and soil resources of a particular cultivation region, taking into account special cultivation technologies, satisfying the selected direction of using the grown crops. The work presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, as one of the most important agroclimatic indices characterizing the ripening period of grapes. The SRTM-3 digital terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations in 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2019 were used as materials. To identify the patterns of spatial distribution of the analyzed index, a network of 15 control points, coinciding with the location of meteorological stations, armed with long series of observations, was created. Using GIS technologies, for each control point we calculated the values of agroecological factors that can affect spatial variation of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC: absolute height above sea level, exposure and slope steepness, latitude, distance to the sea or other large water reservoir. Furthermore, for the analyzed index, several mathematical models were selected. They were compared with each other in terms of the error between the calculated and actual data in the control points. The coefficients were adjusted for every model to minimize errors. Based on the results of comparison, the most accurate model was selected to be used in generating a digital map of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC. Digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the indicator on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was compiled and 6 zones were identified basing on the obtained results. The resulting findings are intended to optimize the locating of commercial vineyards and increase the efficiency of production on the back of sustainable use of natural resources.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indexes over the past 35 years in the conditions of the foothill fruit zone of horticulture of the KabardinoBalkar Republic. Research data confirm that the climate of the region undergoes certain changes under the influence of global climate processes. It is established that changes in the local climate coincide with the nature and direction of general planetary problems. It is shown that changes in weather and climatic conditions over the past decades have led to the loss of many varieties their economic and biological value, which makes it necessary to carefully and comprehensively study the reaction of varieties to changing environmental conditions. The increase in the average annual temperature over the last decade by more than 1.5 ºC, and in the winter-spring period by almost 3 ºC is a sharp and significant increase. All this leads to an increase in the frequency and harmfulness of abiotic and biotic stresses in trees. Temperature drops in the autumn period have become more frequent, winters have become mild with prolonged thaws and returning cold, frosts have become stronger and more frequent, prolonged droughts, incessant heavy rainfalls, hailstorms or a combination of similar phenomena. The absence of adaptive varieties in the apple and pear assortment, which have a complex of economically valuable characteristics and properties, leads to a reduction in production yields, loss of quality of fruit products. In this regard, it is of paramount importance to study in detail the impact of global warming on the regional climate and its consequences for fruit crops. This studies are intended to assist dedicated experts in making forecasts about the future susceptibility of agriculture to climate change.

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In the conditions of the climate change in southern Russia, unpredictable fluctuations in meteorological factors negatively affect the adaptive capacity of the apple tree to the summer stresses. The parameters of the water regime, the pigmental complex, and the area of the leaf blade serve as reliable criteria for the drought resistance of plants. The aim of this work is to study the features of water metabolism, photosynthetic activity of apple trees in the summer period; to identify the most drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Krasnodar region. The objects of research were apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Interprase, Florina, Orfey, Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe. Physiological and biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to deficit water supply and high temperatures is achieved by increasing the fraction of bound water in the total water content, increasing the proportion of carotenoids in the pigmental composition of the leaf. It was found that by the end of summer, all studied varieties had a decrease in water content in leaf tissues, and to a greater extent in varieties Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe � by 12.2-14.2%. The varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe were distinguished as the most drought-resistant with the ratio of bound and free forms of water 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. The lowest indicators of the ratio of the chlorophylls sum and carotenoids (2.01-2.03) due to an increase in the proportion of carotenoids performing a protective function were found in the varieties Florina, Orfey, Prikubanskoe. The decrease in the area of the leaf blade in response to stress is the least shown in the varieties Orfey, Idared, Prikubanskoe. Apple varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020 and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.

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Experimental data of field studies carried out in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory about the different agrobiological reaction of the Libya variety to the rootstocks of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 and Shasla × Berlandieri 41B are presented. Scheme of bush planting on the plot studied of 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes � a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agro-ecological conditions, the Libya grapes on the 41B rootstock significantly surpass the SO4 grapes in terms of the combination of positive characteristics. Biometric economically valuable traits of the Libya grape variety on the 41B rootstock were significantly better than that on the SO4 rootstock. On the rootstock 41B, the berry acquires an oval shape, and they are larger, the bunch is cylindro-conical, the color is yellow-orange with a faint scarlet tint on the sunny side. The beginning of ripening and harvesting of grapes on this rootstock begins earlier by 17-13 days, mass ripening � by 20-7 days. In the vineyards grafted on the 41B rootstock, the grape yield was 1.9 times higher than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 26.65 t / ha. The share of the marketable part of grapes on the 41B rootstock was 94 % and on the SO4 rootstock � 84 %. The tasting score of berries grown on the 41B rootstock was on average 8.6 points, as well as on SO4 � 8.1 points. The differences are related to the different accumulation of sugar in the berries.

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The work are presented the results of embryonic fruitfulness assessment in new table grape grafted hybrid forms of domestic breeding. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different grape hybrid forms is varied, despite the identical conditions of growing environment. Taking into account the significant impact of the biological characteristics and environmental conditions of growing grapes on initiation of embryonic flowers and productivity of plantations following aim was set � to determine the common factors of embryonic flowers formation and to optimize the cut length of domestic breeding table hybrids of Akello, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Agat Dubovskiy, Dubovskiy Rozoviy, Pestriy grape shoots. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of hibernating buds were conducted during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grape hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots and different adaptive potential of varieties under the conditions of increased solar insolation are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness in the conditions of temperature stress have been in the hybrids of Agat Dubovskiy and Pestriy. The placement of productive zones along the length of the shoot was uneven. In case of uneven placement of productive zones, shoot pruning of the studied grape hybrid forms is recommended to be carried out differentially. For the grape form of Akello the length of the shoots pruning should be on 6 eyes, for Kishmish Dubovskiy � 9 eyes, for the hybrid forms of Pestriy, Agat Dubovskiy and Dubovskiy Rozoviy � 8 eyes.

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The article provides experimental data confirming the patterns of changing the productivity of table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya due to changes in load of shoots and clusters on bushes. Field studies are made in the Central agroecological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, Grapevines were planted 3.5 × 3.5 m and training system � high-trunk bilateral cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of the active temperatures is 3900�4100 �C, the maximum temperature during vegetation - +40 ºC, the minimum in winter is lowered to -30 ºC. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Thin-humous soils, leached deep chernozem. In such agroecological conditions, the variety showed a high responsiveness to various load of shoots and clusters on bushes. The correlation dependence of the total weight of the clusters from one bush and yield from the number of clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.75. With the load of shoots 50 pcs/bush and the load of clusters 63 pcs/bush the average weight of the grape clusters reaches the greatest value and amounts 0.406 kg. The greatest yield of commercial grapes 19.7 t/ha is formed with the load of shoots and clusters on bushes in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush, respectively. With such regulations of the load on the bushes, the cluster of grape retains an attractive commodity appearance and its weight amounts 0.394 kg. Optimized bushes load regulations of shoots and clusters in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush is recommended to use in the central agroececological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region for growing high yields of the commodity table variety Podarok Nesvetaya on the rootstock Berlandieri × Riparia SO4.

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The influence of layout schemes on the peculiarities of the production process of apple plants of the varieties Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious Rangers, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Gala and Fuji grafted on a dwarf rootstock M9 was studied. The experiments were carried out in 2016-2019 in high-density plantations of apple trees planted in 2016 with application of intensive cultivation technology under the conditions of the Kuban educational farm �Kuban� in the Kuban horticultural zone. Three layout schemes were studied in the experiment: 4,0 × 1,5 m (control), 4,0 × 1,0 m, 4,0 × 0,5 m. Start of the period of marketable fruiting of apple plantations was noted in the third year after the garden was laid. It was found that when the plantings were compacted, the formation of generative buds was activated. The greatest number of useful ovaries in apple plants of all studied varieties was formed with the control layout scheme 4.0 × 1.5 m, which affected the productivity of plants - the highest yield (kg/tree). The difference with the experimental variants was 11,2�51,2 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 0,5 m); up to 13,4 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m). However, under conditions of maximum compaction (4,0 × 0,5 m), the yield of plants (t/ha) was higher by 27,2-140,0 % in comparison with the control variant of the experiment. With the layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m, the difference with the control was 25,0-85,0 %. It was noted that the compaction of plantations did not have a significant effect on the commercial quality of fruits � the average weight of fruits (150-246 g) did not decrease or decreased slightly relative to the control; also, no influence of the planting schemes on the sugar content in the fruits of apple plants was noted.

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The material presented in the article characterizes the seasonal dynamics of the chemical composition of apples on application of foliar dressing of water solutions of special complex fertilizers. The relevance of the research is related to the problem of forming a balanced chemical composition of fruits intended for long-term storage in the conditions of abiotic stresses of the spring-summer period. The main aim of the work is to identify the seasonal dynamics of the formation of the chemical composition of the intensive apple varieties fruits of the NCFSCHVW breeding due to leaf-feeding dressing and its dependence on the nutritional quality of crop. The field experiment was conducted n 2016-2018 in the central zone of the Krasnodar region (experimental production farm "Centralnoye", Krasnodar) in fruit-bearing apple plantations of varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy grafted on rootstock SK4 and which were planted in 2009.As a result of studies, it was revealed that the use of leaf-feeding dressing with nutrient salts contributed to the activation of biological processes and the stabilization of the plants functional state of against the background of abiotic stresses in these edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. The relationship between the nutritional quality of the apple tree and the chemical composition of the fruits is determined. Seasonal changes in the quality of crop nutrition under the influence of a special agricultural method had a significant impact on the content of nitrogen, calcium, potassium and magnesium in the growing apple fruits. The analysis of the fruits mineral balance, which determines their suitability for long-term storage in the refrigerator, did not reveal a negative effect of plant treatments with water solutions of nutrient salts on the keeping properties of apples. Highly marketable production yield in the variant with the use of foliar dressing significantly exceeded the number of fruits of higher and first commercial varieties in the control version.

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Conceptual basis of integrated management strategies of soil fertility parameters under monoculture gardens is based on data from agrochemical and biological monitoring, information comparative analysis and decision-making to prevent acceleration of the nutrient cycle, loss of humus, enhancement of the soil fatigue processes, biodiversity loss, etc. The article contains materials that characterize the levels of the major agrochemical indicators of two types of garden soil, the abundance of major groups of the saprotrophic microbial complex of the soil agricultural horizon, the results of a study of the colonies ammonification bacteria morphology, the dominance specific of different kinds of micromycetes genera, computations of variability in the abundance of morpho-physiological groups of soil microbial complex. The experimental material was obtained in field experiments of two agro-climatic zones of the Krasnodar region: subtropical and central. The object of the study was samples of agrogenically altered brown forest soils and structural-metamorphic agrozem (leached chernozem), which were different in terms of anthropogenic load: perennial and "young" soil deposit, the soil under the garden monoculture. According to the results of analyses, the soils of two agroclimatic zones with a range of pH values from faintly acidic to neutral were generally characterized by comparable values of the abundance of microorganisms groups. A lower content of prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and actinomycetes) in chernozem was found in comparison with brown forest soils. The study of the morphology of ammonifying bacteria colonies showed a difference in the species composition of the bacteriocenosis of the studied types of garden soils. The dominance of bacteria colonies of smaller forms in brown forest soils, and large forms in chernozem, with a wrinkled and folded surface, was revealed. It was found that representatives of the genus Mucor developed abundantly in the leached chernozem in areas with different anthropogenic loads (in the "young" soil deposit and the soil under the horticultural garden). In addition, fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia were dominated and, probably, it was caused due to soil fatigue, and it requires further study.

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The results of study of the developmental features of the causative agents of monili� Monilia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey (syn. Monilia cinerea Bonord.) �nd Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. on the plum-tree in the Krasnodar Region are presented. The work was carried out on the plum variety of Kabardinskaya rannyaya according to generally accepted and adapted methods. The aim of the work was to identify the bioecological features of the development of monilia pathogens, in changing weather conditions, to optimize the protection technology. The main method of overwintering the causative agents of monili� in the region is the mycelium located on the affected tree organs and mummified fruits. A number of features of the causative agents of monili� on the plum-tree were identified in connection with the change in weather conditions: the temperature at which the primary infection with the pathogen M. laxa + 3.0...8.0 ºC is noted; the duration of the incubation period for M. laxa is 2 - 3 days at an optimum temperature of +22 to + 26 ºC and an air humidity of 70 to 95 %. For fruit rot � 3-5 days; the period from infection to the appearance of sporulation is 8-10 days at temperature of + 24- + 28 ºC. The regularity of the expansion of the temperature range during the growing season is established: M. laxa � from +10 to + 30 ºC, for M. fructigena � up to + 38 ºC. For the first time, the simultaneous presence of two types of monili� � M. laxa and M. fructigena on the affected plum fruits was noted, which indicates an increase in the aggressiveness of the pathogen. The research results will make it possible to determine a strategy for optimizing the phytosanitary state of plum plantations and to develop protection against monili�. For effective control of the disease, it is necessary to carry out the treatments at the beginning of plum blossoming, as well as in the first week of the manifestation of infection on the fruits.

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Currently in all countries with commercial viticulture, special attention is given to grape varieties with group resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, due to the fact that the problems of ecology and environmental pollution with pesticides are acute. In this regard, the study and assessment of introduced grape varieties in different growing zones can facilitate the task of re-assortment and bring success to breeding programs. The purpose of the research is assessment of the prospects of cultivation in a non-covering culture with minimal protection against diseases of the Canadian table grape variety Vineland 68042, Vitis interspecific crossing on the basis of variety study and assessment of agrobiological, uvological, economically valuable traits. The variety study was carried out in 2010-2020 at the vineyard of the Experimental Field All-Russian Research Institute named after Ya. I. Potapenko for Viticulture and Winemaking � Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �FRARC�, Novocherkassk, Rostov region. Vineyards not irrigated, not covered, grafted, rootstock Kober 5BB, 3 x 1.5 m planting scheme, horizontal bilateral cordon training system. Grape variety Vineland 68042 on totality of positive parameters (high winter hardiness, cold hardy resistance, powdery mildew resistance, yield, crop quality) can be of interest for cultivation in a non-covering crop with minimal chemical protection against diseases, as well as for use in breeding programs as a source of group resistance to diseases and frost. The variety has large clusters and berries, well sugar content in grape berries, and has a nice appearance. Degustation assessment of fresh grapes is 8.1 points. Vineland 68042 over the years of research has established itself as highly resistant to powdery mildew, grey mold Botrytis cinerea, medium resistant to mildew, resistant to the leaf form of phylloxera. The drawbacks of this grape variety include the tendency to overload the bushes with the yield.

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The growing economic importance of alternaria fungi for agricultural crop production every year more and more activates research in the biology, ecology, and systematics of these micromycetes. By reducing the photosynthetic potential, pathogenic species of the genus Alternaria on vegetating plants cause slow destruction of host tissues. Small-spore species are mentioned as pathogens of alternarioses of various agricultural crops: A. alternata (Fries) Keissler, A. tenuissima & T. Nees: Fr.), A. infectoria and A. avenicola in the study of micromycete cultures and the selection of optimal nutrient media in vitro. For alternaria fungi, such screening can be carried out according to the criterion of the yield of the fungus biomass (g/100 ml of medium). According to some researchers, the most favorable for these purposes are the potato-glucose and Chapek environment. Since an important diagnostic feature of Alternaria is the structure of conidia, habitus and pattern structure, according to other researchers, too nutritious media should not be used for the cultivation of these fungi, as there is a suppression of the development of conidia. For example, Simmons (2007) recommends potato-carrot agar and agar medium V8.For the cultivation of fungi from the pathocomplex of necrotic leaf spot of grapes of the genus Alternaria, the optimal nutrient medium is potato-carrot agar (KMA). On this medium, there is sufficient, but not too abundant sporulation and moderate development of vegetative mycelium. CMA is also an optimal substrate for establishing the diversity of cultural traits of strains within a species for possible differentiation by strain trait, which is important for further population studies.

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The structure of children's nutrition in schools in the world and in the Russian Federation is normalized. Fruit is provided for breakfast in Russian schools. An analysis of the information posted on the school websites showed that problems in the organization of school meals are common for all regions. A narrow range of fruits, beverages made from them, and confectionery products is revealed. As a result, in the cyclic menus on randomly selected sites of schools in 8 randomly selected regions of the country, only apples are used for breakfast. Drinks are represented by tea, there are no fruit drinks and desserts, and cookies or pastries are included in the menu as confectionery. The possibility of including grapes in the year-round menus of schoolchildren of the Russian Federation was studied for the purpose of enriching the school food with fruits and fruit desserts. The use of grapes for these purposes is currently constrained by logistical and technological problems. The possibility of application Acoustic Extra Freezing technology (AEF) for freezing grapes is considered. Organoleptic parameters of frozen grapes after thawing were studied. The results of organoleptic indicators showed that the use of acoustic freezing allows to maintain excellent taste and texture of grapes after thawing. Typical recipes of fruit desserts with the replacement of various berries with grapes have been tested. It was found that the addition of intensely colored red grape puree in an amount of 12-15% in various recipes gives dishes bright pink-crimson or purple-red tones, thus improving the appearance, aroma and taste. The use of acoustic freezing allows supplying for schools grapes and grape based meals with preserved taste and texture all year round.

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Cabbage vegetables are distinguished by a number of features of the course of physiological and biochemical processes due to high humidity, which increases the intensity of metabolism in cells and tissues. This fact makes it difficult to organize the storage of such primary produce: the quality is rapidly decreasing, losses are increasing, the value of which is influenced by such parameters as relative air humidity, temperature, degree of aeration, variety, degree of maturity of primary produce, presence of mechanical and other damage, phytopathogens contamination. In this regard, it is relevant to study the regularities of the effect of processing plant primary produce (white cabbage) with biological preparations based on domestically produced reagents on reducing losses, stabilizing quality and preserving biologically active substances. In experiments in vitro it was found that in relation to the phytopathogen Ps. maculicola, the biological product Vitaplan did not give the effect of suppressing growth, and the biological product Bactofit caused a slight delay in the growth of the phytopathogen: 0.5-1 mm. The effectiveness of the bactericidal action of natamycin on Rh. solani and Ps. maculicola is more than 3 times higher at a concentration of 0.1 g/l. The bactericidal effect of the product with a concentration of 0.5 g/l is more than 2 times more effective than a concentration of 0.1 g/l on exposure to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. In an in vivo study, the development of Bacillus subtilis was not observed in samples with introduced biological products. In samples with introduced phytopathogens S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, Ps. maculicola, after 21 days of storage, the affected area increased threefold. With the joint introduction of phytopathogens and biological products, both Vitaplan and Baktofit had a restraining effect on the development of all three phytopathogens. No development of phytopathogens was observed during inoculation of white cabbage heads with phytopathogens followed by the introduction of two different concentrations of natamycin (0.05% and 0.1%).

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The article deals with the influence of treatment with enzyme preparations of petiolate oak wood on the content of phenolic aldehydes and acids in aged cognac distillates. The content of synaptic and coniferyl aldehydes and syringaldehyde; vanilli�, gallic and syringic acids; and vanillin in cognac distillates aged for 6 months on oak staff from different growing areas (Absheron, Khadyzhensky and Maykop districts), subjected to enzymatic catalysis by various enzyme preparations, was determined. The influence of enzyme preparations, the time of exposure during processing and the place of growth of oak wood on the content of phenolic aldehydes, acids and the tasting evaluation of cognac distillates was established. It was experimentally established that the level of concentrations of phenolic aldehydes and acids is directly related to the duration of exposure of the enzyme preparation to the structural elements of oak wood. The maximum accumulation of the total concentration of phenolic aldehydes and acids in cognac distillates aged on Maikop and Khadyzhensk oak occurs when the wood is activated for 5 days with the preparations Glucosim L-400-C+, Trenolin Super DF, Fructocim MA and San Super 240L. At the same time, the level of tasting evaluation is 8.0-8.3 points. The maximum values of the tasting evaluation were in samples aged on oak staff of all types of oak during the activation for 3-4 days with the enzyme preparation Trenolin Super DF - from 8.4 to 8.5 points. As a result, using a multivariate analysis of variance, it was found that the tasting evaluation from the list of analyzed factors is influenced by the type of enzyme preparation (the amount of influence is 55.6 %) and the duration of oak staff processing (the amount of influence is 11.1 %). There was no correlation between the wood growing area and the tasting assessment.

Annotation

There has been a positive trend in the development of winemaking in Russia in recent years, which indicates a qualitative transformation of the wine industry. However, as a result of the grapes processing in the production of wine materials or juices, a large amount of waste is formed, which is easily exposed to uncontrolled decomposition, leading to contamination of the soil, water and air. Therefore, they must be treated, disposed, or reused properly. Grape pomace from dark-colored grape varieties is one of the inexpensive and promising sources with added value, which can potentially be re-processed in the production of new products of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Special attention should be paid to the natural food anthocyanin dye obtained from such raw materials (enocianina). For these purposes, we have developed and proposed an innovative technology consisting in the application of a cascading effect of electromagnetic, enzymatic and physico-chemical treatments of raw materials, which allows due to minimization of the number of technological operations and without the use of aggressive media to obtain a natural dye with the maximum yield of coloring substances, reaching 95 %, in comparison with similar technologies. The chemical composition of the enocianina solution obtained by this method is rich in anthocyanins, the total amount of which in the composition of the concentrated extract is 3.5-3.7 %. The proposed technology allows us to obtain natural food anthocyanin dye from grape pomace at wineries without technical re-equipment of existing technological lines, which can also serve as a significant additional source of income for wineries.

Annotation

Of greater importance in winemaking is grape varieties, which in different natural conditions differ in the pattern of the exchange of carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances, in the transformation of phenolic compounds, in acid-forming ability and other indicators. The quantitative and qualitative ratio of the main chemical components of grapes determines the suitability of the variety for a particular type of wine. For heady wines, varieties with good sugar accumulation are used, because the higher sugar content, the better the quality of the wine. The main task of the first stage of Port wine technology is to prepare a heavy-bodied sweet wine material. A significant role, both in the formation of the type of wine and its quality, is assigned to phenolic substances, which are involved in the formation of the taste of wine � fullness, astringency, velvetiness. One of the most important technological operations in the preparation of base wine materials for wines such as Port wine is the fortification of fermenting wort or blend, which ensures its stability against fermentation and microbial turbidity, and also significantly affects the taste of wine. Features of the physical and chemical composition of the original wine material have a predominant effect on the formation of organoleptic properties of wines of the port type. The aim of this work is to study the features of the biochemical composition of fortified wine materials from white hybrid grape varieties for the preparation of wines of the port type. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of grape must and fortified wine materials prepared from white grape varieties of interspecific origin: Kristall, Platovskiy and Stanichnyi. The results of the experiment showed that the most appropriate grape variety for the preparation of fortified wine materials was the Platovskiy variety. The experimental sample of the wine material obtained from this variety was characterized by the highest content of nitrogenous, phenolic and extractive substances. Quite high concentrations of these components were found in the variant prepared from the Stanichnyi grape variety. The wine material prepared from the Kristall variety was characterized by a high concentration of tartaric acid.

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The implementation of waste-free technologies in the food industry is feasible with the use of biotechnological techniques and implies the use of enzymes, such as Celloveridin G20X, which increases the juice extraction and produces fruit and berry puree with a high content of biologically active substances in a highly digestible form for the human organism. It is noted that the treatment of berry pomace with an enzyme preparation, in addition to the fluxing action, affects its antioxidant potential. The increase in the content of such physiologically active ingredients as organic acids (citric, L-malic, benzoic, chlorogenic, salicylic, caffeic, gallic), vitamin C, P, soluble pectin and polyphenolic substances has been proven. From grape pomace processed with the use of biotechnological processes, berry puree was obtained, which is used in the developed recipe composition of a functional food product � sterilized fruit jam �Plum-grape�. The use of grape pomace, high in anthocyanins, in combination with puree of plum fruits � vitamin C, vitamin P, polyphenols, allows to increase the functional and preventive properties of canned food due to the synergism of elements in the co-formulation. The total content of natural antioxidants of the final product is 609,5 mg/100g. �Plum-grape� jam contains a daily norm of vitamin P, polyphenols and amino acids, as well as 100 g of the product meets the daily requirement for pectin substances by 30%, due to the use of secondary raw materials of grape processing. The organoleptic evaluation of the final product showed a higher score compared to the control. The energy value of the �Plum-grape� jam is 54.5 kcal per 100 g of the product. The organoleptic assessment of the new functional product showed a high score � 4.9 in comparison with control.

Annotation

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of 25 varieties of climbing roses (LCl-15 varieties, S-6, ClB-1, Ayr-1, HKor-2) under the climatic conditions of the central subzone of Krasnodar Territory. The assessment of the ornamental value of varieties was carried out according to 100 point system (methodology of State variety testing), which includes 10 characteristics: color, size, flower shape, doubleness, aroma, flower resistance, decorative bush, originality, abundance of flowering, and uniformity of the variety. When assessing the decorative merits, the highest scores were given to varieties: City of York (85), Adjimushkay (87). Devichji Grezy (87), Angela (90), Pierre de Ronsard (94), St. Swithun (92). Economic and biological properties of rose varieties under study were assessed using a 50 point system according to 6 characteristics: remontability, drought resistance, winter hardiness, disease resistance, self-cleaning, and the growth rate of the bush. As the results of the research carried out, the best rose varieties were identified on their economic and biological properties (rate above 35 points): Angela (44), City of York (38), Laguna (38), New Dawn (43), St.Swithun (44). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment (100 points + 50 points) the rose varieties were identified that received 120 points and above, which are considered promising for mass propagation and use in vertical gardening. The greatest stability in the manifestation of ornamental and economically valuable traits was shown by the varieties: City of York, Devichji Grezy, New Dawn, St. Swithun, Pierre de Ronsard, Adjimushkaj. The rose varieties that scored 100-119 points are considered as additional to the main list (Albertine, Duc de Constantine, Ducat, Ihtiandr, Maritim, etc.). When they are growing, the higher agricultural techniques for full decorative effect are needed. The rose varieties with a score of less than 100 points are recommended to be considered unpromising f or gardening (Ilse Krohn Superior).