Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 � heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.

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Modern intensive fruit growing involves the laying and exploitation of plantings with seedlings grafted on rootstocks, limiting the growth of trees with a simultaneous increase in the productivity of the garden with an increase in planting density. At the same time, the rootstocks themselves should provide not only a weakening of the growth force of trees, but also adaptability to soil conditions, which may differ significantly depending on the type of both the rootstock itself and the soil. The research aim is to study the influence of external environmental factors that are extreme for perennial fruit crops on the growth and development of their root systems. The studies were carried out on rootstocks of different growth strength (MM106, M26, M9 and seedlings of cultivated apple varieties). The study of root systems was carried out by the method of layer-by-layer excavations with subsequent fixation of the observation results. It has been established that apple rootstocks of different growth strength form a root system of different depth. There is a tendency � an increase in the growth strength of rootstocks with a deeper development of the root system of apple trees. Apple trees grafted on taller rootstocks have a longer process of development (ontogenesis) of the root system. So, on the dwarf rootstock of M9, the depth of development of the soil profile does not differ in the sixth year from that in the third year, while in trees on a strong-growing rootstock it increased by 40 cm. The deepening root systems of trees with taller rootstocks, despite the increase in drought resistance of plants, can reduce the level of response of plants to the applied fertigation, which will require a transition from a system of microelement fertilizing during the growing season to non-root fertilizing. In the course of research, a mathematical model has been developed that shows the effect of the growth force of rootstocks, as well as the total weight of roots on the water deficiency of plants according to the formula: X18=1/(0.0010+0.0002*X1+0.0012*X17) with a multiple correlation accuracy of 0.9671.

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One of the important indicators in the evaluation of new varieties and hybrids of plums are the biochemical parameters and taste qualities of fruits, which make it possible to determine the direction of their use for processing, but also, to identify sources of breeding-valuable traits. The article presents the results of an assessment of 15 new hybrids of domestic plum in the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, obtained from directed crosses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the fruits of domestic plum hybrids according to biochemical parameters (content of solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C, P-active substances), taste (sugar-acid index) and commercial qualities ( fruit weight, shape index, stone weight and its ratio to the total weight of the fruit), the selection of the best, according to a complex of valuable traits, for further use in the breeding process. It was established that under the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone, plum fruits accumulated on average 11.8 % of sugars, 18.0% of solids, 0.87% of acids. The highest content of sugars in the fruits of hybrids was observed in forms 17-1-55, 17-2-64 and amounted to 14.9 %. The sugar-acid index, as one of the main indicators of taste, was noted in the hybrid 17-2-64 (15.7). Plum hybrids 17-1-55 (5.1 mg/100 g) and 17-1-76 (5.0 mg/100 g) were characterized by a high content of ascorbic acid. The best indicators for the presence of P-active substances in fruits were recorded in hybrids 17-2-62 (85.9 mg/100 g) and 17-2-64 (90.6 mg/100 g). As a result, hybrid 17-2-64 was isolated, which is characterized by a high content of solids, sugars, P-active substances, as well as taste. It can be recommended as a source of breeding-significant traits for obtaining new varieties and expanding, to a certain extent, the genetic diversity of domestic plum.

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Common plum is one of the important fruit crops. On the basis of the gene pool of varieties and hybrids of the Krymsk EBS � branch of FRC ARIPGR named after N.I. Vavilov, a new promising variety of common plum was created � Zhemchuzhina Juga, which meets the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region for fruit plantations. The article shows the results of a comprehensive assessment of a new early variety of common plum, obtained from targeted inter-varietal crossing. The new variety has the following economically valuable indicators: early maturity � gives a stable yield for 3-4 years after planting; early fruit ripening � beginning-middle of the second decade of July; large-fruitedness � the average weight of the fruit is from 61.0 g and above, the fruits are one-dimensional; average yield capacity � 30.2 q/ha; resistant to fungal diseases (moniliosis less than 1 point, clasterosporiasis � 0 points); drought resistance � medium; variety of universal purpose with high quality of fresh fruits (4.7 points) and processed products (juice, compote, dried fruits over 4.5 points); high biochemical indicators of fruits (dry matter � 17.7%, sugar � 10.1%, acidity - 0.74%). The tree of Zhemchuzhina Juga variety is medium-sized from 1.70 m to 2.5 m, of medium density with straight shoots. The fruits are oblong in shape with a delicate skin, the main color is yellow, the integument is burgundy, solid, the flesh is yellow, tender, the character of the taste is sweet. The stone is large � 1.3 g, and flattened. The variety is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation.

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Grape culture in the Krasnodar region has been widespread since ancient times. However, despite this, the issues of studying and replenishing the gene pool of grapes with wild-growing forms remain open and relevant. In this article, the authors show the results of a study of wild grapes growing on the territory of the �Safari Park� Nature Park and in the Tonkiy Cape area of the Krasnodar region. As a result of the expedition research, seven populations of wild grapes were found with some similarities and differences in morphological and biological characteristics. A brief description of the ecological-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of growing wild forms of grapes of the studied territory is given. The studied forms are dioecious plants, as there are samples with both male and female flower types. Material was selected for further study from the found forms of grapes. The variability of some signs was found, for example: the degree of openness of the tops of young shoots and their pubescence, the saturation of the color of the tops of young shoots and young leaves, the type and degree of pubescence of the formed leaves, the shape and degree of corrugation of the leaves, the type of flower, the depth of leaf clippings, etc. At the time of sampling for further study, the studied wild forms of grapes had no visually visible damage by the main pests and diseases.

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The article presents genotyping results of 16 samples with indetermined status from the Ampelographic Collection �Magarach� by 9 nuclear microsatellite markers (ssrVVMD5, ssrVVMD7, ssrVVMD25, ssrVVMD27, ssrVVMD28, ssrVVMD32, ssrVrZAG62, ssrVrZAG79, ssrVVS2). Extraction of genomic DNA was carried out using a CTAB buffer from an average sample of young leaves or green cambial tissue of shoots. The purity and amount of DNA were assessed spectrophotometrically using a �Biophotometer plus� instrument. The polymerase chain reaction was performed on a �T100 Thermal Cycler� (BioRad). The PCR mixture consisted of a 2.5x reaction mixture and primers with fluorescent labels FAM, TAMRA, and R6G produced by �OOO Sintol�. The primers were combined into multiplexes in accordance with the size of the resulting amplicons and the annealing temperature. Fragment analysis of PCR products was performed on an ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer using Gene Mapper software. The varieties were identified by comparing the obtained DNA-profiles with the Vitis International Variety Catalog (VIVC) database. According to the results of genotyping, samples with indeterminate status are identified as varieties: Asyl Kara, Vasarga chernaya, Galbena de Odobeshti, Genusa Tsibil, Grec Rouge, Cruciulita, Marash Cherven, Muscat fleur d�oranger, Muscat Hamburg, Mtsvane Kakhuri, Negru Virtos, Ozirovka, Plavaie, Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Tsolikouri. Deviations in the obtained DNA-profiles from the data of VIVC database by 1-2 alleles were revealed for 8 studied samples, which, presumably, can be explained by population variability, and in some cases by somatic mutations. This study demonstrates the result of molecular-genetic approaches to identify grape varieties.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones � Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the �genotype-environment� interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.

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The observed increase in environmental pollution and more frequent climate stresses stimulate the introduction of nature-like technologies in all areas of agriculture. Preparations based on microorganisms are taken from natural communities and significantly increase the protective functions of plants against both biotic and abiotic environmental factors without causing damage to nature. One of the main advantages of preparations of biological origin is the preservation of natural soil fertility and an increase in the activity of soil microorganisms. There are a number of reasons hindering the growth of their use. These factors are related to the nature of their origin. There is a significant dependence of the effectiveness of the relationships of living organisms on biocenoses and biogeocenoses in specific environmental conditions. The development of technologies for the use of preparations based on microorganisms and their activity under certain conditions will make it possible to use natural resources wisely. As a result of studies of the effect biological preparations Gamair, Sporex Flavobacterin, Extrasol, Rizomax, FitActive Extra, Ribav Extra, combinations have been identified that positively affect the rooting of lignified cuttings of rootstocks BS-2, Evrika 99, Kuban� 86 (AP-1), Krasnaya lenta (KEBS VIR breeding), PKG-13/1, 534 d-16, 918/13, 921-2, 934, 935-13, PK SK-1, PK SK-2 (NCFSCHVW breeding) in the first field of the nursery. The combinations �rootstock � fungicidal preparation � growth-correcting preparation� were found, which give the highest yield of plants per linear meter. Their effect on the growth of rootstocks (diameter and height) has been proven. A three-factor variance analysis, where a combination of all these factors (genotype, biofungicide, growth stimulant) was used as a factor, established a significant effect of the latter on the height (27.4%) and diameter (24.6%) of rooted cuttings. Upon receipt of high-quality rootstock material, combinations of preparations based on fungi and bacteria were isolated, which were not inferior in their effectiveness to the options where IMC was used � these are Ribav-Rizomax, Ribav-Extrasol, Gamair-FitActive Extra, Extrasol-FitActive Extra.

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The paper presents an assessment of the effectiveness of clonal propagation of promising clonal rootstocks for cherry and sweet cherry. The demand in clonal rootstocks for small-stone crops is due to the intensification of their production. Clonal rootstocks of FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding of the AI series meet the requirements for rootstocks: they provide restrained plant growth, a compact crown of trees, and are adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. AI rootstock explants are best introduced during the period of active shoot growth from April 3rd to early June for propagation of rootstocks in in vitro culture. In this period, the regeneration of explants is the highest and, depending on the genotype, varies from 67.6 to 75.6 % in AI 1, from 7.2 to 83.4% in AI 11 and from 66.7 to 75, 85% in AI 70. At the stage of multiplication in the presence of 6-BAP at a concentration of 1 mg/l, all rootstocks develop well on Murashige-Skoog (MS) and DKW nutrient media. The largest number of shoots already after the first passage was noted on the DKW medium with the addition of Fe-EDDHA � 6.0-8.4 units/exp, with the addition of iron chelate Fe-EDTA, depending on the doubling, it is 4.6 up to 6.3 shoots per explant. In the control variant, 3.9 to 4.9 shoots are formed from one explant on MS medium with Fe-EDTA. In general, AI 11 and AI 70 rootstocks have a higher reproduction potential in all variants. Dispersion analysis showed a reliable influence of the factors �Nutrient medium� and �Form of iron chelate� on the reproduction coefficient for all studied rootstocks. The interaction both factors was observed only in AI 70 rootstocks. At the stage of micropropagation of AI series rootstocks, it is recommended to use DKW nutrient medium with iron chelate form Fe-EDDHA (100 mg/l) and 6-BAP 1.0 mg/l.

Annotation

A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS � intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties � a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety � 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content � 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.

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Summarizing the results of research in the field of regulatory mechanisms of drought resistance in grapes for substantiate approaches to eliminating the impact of stress factors and minimizing their detrimental effects is the aim of this analytical review. There are considered the overall conceptions about the responses of grape plants against drought stress, as well as issues of genetic control, distribution of dry matter and secondary metabolism under water deficit conditions, influence of complex stresses on plants, genotypic determination of drought tolerance and significance of grape rootstocks in plant adaptation to drought. The adaptation system of grapes to water deficit is a complex set of specific genes that regulate various pathways associated with protection against stress. Understanding the differences in drought tolerance between existing genotypes creates the background for the development of new drought-resistant varieties. A comprehensive characterization of a number of physiological and biochemical properties makes it possible to evaluate grape genotypes for drought resistance. The study of the principles of coordination between biotic and abiotic responses against stress is becoming increasingly important. The use of drought-resistant rootstocks is an important strategy for adapting to water deficit conditions. Coordination between scion and rootstock is carried out to regulate water use by plants. The application of biotechnological approaches is recommended in order to eliminate the main biotic and abiotic stress factors for grapes. In vitro experiments using polyethylene glycol to simulate drought appear promising. The conducted investigations of grapes in water deficit conditions provided valuable information for further scientific research. The identified regulation mechanisms of plant homeostasis are to be used in the development of modern breeding strategies to increase the resistance of grapes against drought.

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Rationing the bush load with shoots and bunches allows to effectively manage the productivity of grapes. The research is to study the productive variability of grapes under the influence of differentiation of bush load with shoots and bunches, to optimize the regulations of agrotechnology of the table variety Livia (Flamingo × Arcadia) on the Oppenheim SO4 rootstock. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, in vineyards with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.8×2.0 m. The variety has a high responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the bunch size and the yield capacity of grapes when varying the number of vegetative and generative organs in plants. This makes it possible to optimize the regulations of bush management for obtaining high yields and large bunches of grapes. The largest bunch size, 567 g, is formed in the presence of 25 shoots and 28 bunches per bush; the highest yield capacity, 23.34 t/ha, including commodity yield capacity � 20.59 t/ha, is formed with 25 shoots and 33-35 bunches per bush. Grape yield capacity against the background of increased and reduced bush load with bunches are in a strong and direct correlation with the shoot load. Against the background of an increased load of bushes with bunches, the correlation coefficient is r = 0.71; with a reduced load, r = 0.99. Against the background f a moderate load of bushes with bunches, the correlation dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is moderate and direct (r = 0.49). The bunch weight of grapes is in close and medium direct dependence on the load of bushes with shoots, close and average inverse dependence on their number.

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The article presents the results of studying the effect of gibberellin on the formation of grape berries of seedless varieties of AZESV&W breeding in order to develop technological parameters of its application. The research was carried out on kishmish grape varieties � Lotos, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovyi AZOS in agroecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of Southern Russia. The scheme of the experiment included options for using gibberellin twice and three times in the phases of grape vegetation: budding (5-7 days before flowering), pollination and fertilization (mass flowering), post-fertilization (10 days after flowering). The treatment was carried out manually with full immersion of inflorescences in a container with a solution of gibberellin 0.5-1 liter per bush, depending on the strength of the bush and the growth phase, dosages: 0.25 ml., 0.5 ml., 0.75 ml., 1 ml per liter of water. It was found that the double use of gibberellin leads to the desired quality of grapes, both according to consumer preferences � an increase in the size of berries, a decrease in the average weight of rudiments of seeds in the berry, and according to technological requirements � an increase in the average weight of the pulp and skin. The repeated use of GA, starting from the budding phase, increases the likelihood of undesirable effects, leads to shedding and different quality of the ovaries, pea berries up to 37 % in the Lotos variety, up to 25 % in the Kishmish Rozovyi AZOS variety, Zhemchug Anapa variety � up to 12 %. It has been established that the optimal use of gibberellin on seedless grape varieties of the AZES breeding is a double treatment with a GA solution with a concentration of 0.75 ml per liter of water during the mass flowering phase with an interval of 10 days.

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In 2016-2021, in the Krasnodar region, in the conditions of the Taman soil district (central region of the steppe zone, southern chernozems (chestnut), Temryuk district), the influence of biomineral fertilizers of special compositions on the main productivity indicators of table grape varieties Augustine and Moldova was studied. Fertilizers were applied by the nonroot method in the form of aqueous solutions, in accordance with the developed regulations. The research methodology was developed in accordance with the regulation on the relationship of abiotic factors and the effectiveness of fertilizers. In this regard, the research program assumed the analysis of edaphic factors, accounting and registration of the dynamics of temperature extremes, which revealed the uniformity of soil conditions of experimental sites and significant fluctuations of hydrothermal factors. The solution of research tasks was carried out with the help of one-factor field trial. As a result of the experiment, it was found that, depending on the amount of precipitation and fertilizers used, the number of fruiting shoots and inflorescences was formed, significantly exceeding the indicators in the control version (without fertilizers). Higher productivity of shoots per unit area of planting was revealed. Top dressing contributed to a significant increase in the bunch weight of grapes, mainly due to an increase in its density. The sugar content in grape juice increased by 7.3-17.3 %, depending on the variety. In 2016-2018, when using special complexes of nutrient salts of various brands with preparations containing Ascophyllum nodosum algae extract and amino acids, the economic yield capacity of grapes was higher in comparison with the control variant. In 2019-2021, against the background of the use of the adaptogen �Normat L�, the yield capacity of grapes exceeded the value of the indicator in the control variant by 38.4-38.6 % (Augustine variety) and 24.0-40.9 % (Moldova variety). The experimental data obtained characterize the application of biomineral fertilizers by the nonroot method as a sufficiently justified way to control the production process and the quality of the grape yield.

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The materials of the study of agrochemical and microbiological indicators of leached chernozem in the orchard agrocenosis and field crop rotation are presented. The peculiarities of the distribution of the main elements of plant nutrition and organic matter by layers in the upper part of the soil profile, depending on the type of cultivated crop, are revealed. As a result of the evaluation of the main groups of microorganisms of leached chernozems, 830 strains of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic micromycetes were identified, among which Aspergillus spp. and Penicilium spp. predominate. The number of micromycetes in the studied areas differs slightly, however, in the upper layer (0-10 cm) of soils under the garden cenosis there is a sharp increase in them. It has been established that in the soils of the orchard cenosis there is a fivefold decrease in the number of bacteria in comparison with soils in the conditions of field crop rotation. The number of bacteria gradually decreases with depth. Correlations of the total number of fungi strains and colony-forming units of bacteria on the content of organic matter, nutrition elements, the total amount of salts and the reaction of the soil environment have been established. A close correlation between micromycetes and bacteria (r = 0.99), humus (r = 0.95), mobile potassium (r = 0.93) and pH (r = 0.89) was revealed in the soils of orchard cenosis. There are no close correlations in the field crop rotation. Data on the ratio of bacteria and micromycetes indicate a higher suppressiveness of soils in the conditions of field crop rotation and the depletion of the microbial pool of soils of orchard cenoses. This indicates the development of the process of soil fatigue and a decrease in the resistance of leached chernozems to phytopathogens during prolonged cultivation of an apple orchard in a monoculture.

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The fruit storability, which is based on the variety, is formed from individual indicators, including the mineral composition of the fruit, the optimal amount of which ensures the formation of protective properties on the skin and pulp, which contributes to the long-term storage of fruits in cold storage chambers. Therefore, the study of mineral composition in different phases of fruit development is relevant. In this regard, the research aim is to establish the storability of apples depending on the level of accumulation of minerals. The weather of the growing season is one of the most important factors affecting the accumulation of minerals in fruits and their storability. As a result of the conducted research, the regularities of the formation of the mineral composition of apples during the growing season have been studied; optimal levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus in different phases of fruit development have been established; patterns of the development of physiological diseases during fruit storage due to the mineral composition of apples have been established. The established optimal levels of the content of nutrients in a certain phase of plant development allow to adjust the planned topdressing to achieve the specified levels of mineral composition. An early prognosis of the development of physiological diseases of fruits due to a lack or imbalance of the mineral composition allows to reduce storage losses by 5-7%. It was found that for the main assortment of apples growing in the conditions of the Krasnodar region, the following macronutrient content is optimal, depending on varietal characteristics in removable maturity: 8.0-12.0 mg/100 g of calcium; 80.0-120.0 mg/100 g of potassium, 6.0-9.0 mg/100 g of magnesium, that provides the greatest resistance to diseases and the maximum duration of storage.

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Research was conducted to identify and study the technological characteristics of autochthonous strains of wine yeast isolated from vineyards in the Krasnodar region. From natural populations, 90 yeast strains were isolated from the surface of grapes of the following varieties: Petit Mansan, Merlot, Krasnostop Anapskiy. Generic identification of the studied strains was carried out. The proportion of Saccharomycetes varied over a wide range. Analysis of 90 yeast strains made it possible to isolate 40 representatives of the genus Saccharomyces. Species identification was carried out using molecular genetic methods. A working sample of 40 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained. Yeast screening for the ability to ferment sugars made it possible to isolate 13 yeast strains. Strains TK20-2 and LM19-19 are noted as weak fermenters with the formation of non-fermenters. An analysis of the ability of yeast to synthesize hydrogen sulfide showed that 21 strains produce hydrogen sulfide in an insignificant amount. In the course of studying the main technological properties, 4 strains were isolated, with the use of which white wine materials were prepared from the Onitskanskiy grape variety. In wine materials produced using local strains, a variation in the concentrations of organic acids, amino acids and volatile aroma-forming components was noted. The conducted tasting of the studied samples showed that 3 out of 4 wine materials were characterized by high quality. The sample produced using strain LM19-3 had the highest tasting score. The use of strains LP19-1, TK20-11 and LM19-3 ensures the production of high-quality wine materials with high organoleptic characteristics.

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One of the urgent tasks of modern winemaking is to reduce the doses of sulfur dioxide while preserving the quality of wine. Special attention in this aspect should be given to the development of approaches to select grape varieties and assess crop quality. The aim of the work was to substantiate the system of parameters for selecting grape varieties to produce wines with a low content of sulfur dioxide. The object of research was a database of component composition, biochemical properties, physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of white and red wine grape varieties from different regions of Crimea, obtained in different systems of farming, and base wines. It was created in the period 2016-2022, and includes 376 batches of grapes and 609 batches of base wines. Experimental data were obtained using standardized and modified instrumental procedures based on the principles of colorimetry, potentiometry and titrimetry. The dynamics of component concentrations of SO2-binding complex, sulfites in the process of grape ripening was studied, its relationship with carbohydrate-acid maturity and climatic conditions was shown; as well as the dynamics of pH, keto acids and acetaldehyde in the system �grapes-base wine�. The system of indicators (and their value ranges) for selecting the varieties and assessing the quality of grapes for wines with a low content of sulfur dioxide, including the content of sugars, titratable acids, aldehydes, keto acids, sulfurous acid in grapes, technological stock of phenolic substances, potential amount of anthocyanins, and proportion of easily extractable anthocyanins (for red varieties); pH, PPO activity was substantiated and statistically confirmed. Testing of the developed system of indicators made it possible to establish promising for wine production grape varieties with a low content of sulfur dioxide, pointing the protected geographical indication of their growth (within the Crimean Peninsula).

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At the first Russian wine-making forum, which took place in the autumn of 2022 in Moscow, much attention was paid to the use of autochthonous grape varieties for the production of high-quality wines. Dagestan is one of the regions of wide cultivation of grapes. Due to the presence of a large genetic potential of native varieties in the republic, it is possible to significantly increase the production of grapes for fresh consumption and use them as raw materials for processing on wine products. The experimental samples of dessert wines from grapes of autochthonous technical varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, grown in the conditions of the southern viticultural plain zone at the Dagestan breeding experimental station of viticulture and vegetable growing of the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW, were studied. Physico-chemical parameters were determined by standard methods used in enochemistry. The study of phenolic substances and vitamins was carried out using capillary electrophoresis on the device �Kapel 104T�, RF, NPF LUMEX. A higher content (in mg/dm3 ) of phenolic substances (4022,0), anthocyanins (213,0), ascorbic (72,52), chlorogenic (2,16), orotic (3,52), caffeic (14,35) and gallic acids (11,9) were found in wine from Gimra Novaya grapes, compared with wine from the Fioletta variety (the grape must of both prototypes was infused on the pulp for 24 hours). The total content of biologically active substances in the studied wines was 49,04 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours); 111,04 (Gimra Novaya, infusion of grape must for 24 hours) and 122,39 mg/dm3 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours). The infusion of the grape must on the pulp for 48 hours in wine from Fioletta grapes caused an increase in the total amount of these compounds by 2,5 times compared to the infusion of 24 hours. Dessert wines from the varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta were characterized by a clean, fresh varietal aroma, a long berry aftertaste with nuances of wild thorn and smoky prunes. The obtained results can be used in biotechnology in the manufacture of high-quality wines from autochthonous grape varieties.