Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The work with a collection provides the creation of a cherry gene pool, allocation of the varieties-standards, the sources and donors of valuable economic and biological signs for further use in the breeding and replenishment of information database, the preparation of materials for registration of a gene pool samples. In the article the results of study in 2004 - 2014 of a gene fund's collection of cherry and dukes of Melitopol experimental station of gardening are described. The sources of valuable economic and biological signs are allocated: winter hardiness of generative buds, resistance of buds to a frost, field resistance to a monilia and coccomycosis, compact of crown, self productivity, fast fructification, high tastes quality of fruits of early maturing and high productivity. Among 60 varieties - sources of valuable signs allocated in a work it is selected 20 which unite 3 and more valuable signs, including varieties of Amulet, Vstrecha, Griot Melitopolskaya, Igrushka, Melitopolskaya Radost, Melitopolskaya Purpurnaya, Prizvanie, Solidarnost, Shalunia, Chudo vishnya. Involvement of these varieties in the breeding process will allow you to receive the forms which as much as possible unite a complex of valuable signs in one genotype. For creation of new varieties of cherry and dukes 31 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, that are the donors and sources of the specified valuable signs were used in hybridization. On three varieties (Shalunia, Vstrecha, Vozrozhdenie) "The Certificates on registration of a sample of plants gene pool of in the Ukraine" are received, applications for receiving of certificates submitted for six varieties. As a result of study of a collection, allocation of varieties-standards and sources of biological and economic and valuable signs, the collection of traits of cherry was created and registered in the National center of genetic resources of plants of Ukraine.
Ampelographic collection perform major fundamental and priority applied functions in the accumulation and preservation of the gene pool of grapes. Lately there is a tendency to the revival of indigenous varieties. Aboriginal, ancient grape varieties in the different regions of cultivation, and the wild forms are the most valuable part of the world gene pool of culture. The aim of our work was to identify the valuable genotypes of native varieties with improved adaptive, business and wine properties for winemaking of high quality. This article presents the results of agrobiological and technological study of six white aboriginal Don grapes varieties. The research was carried out in 2008-2014 at the ampelographic collection of ARRIV&W (Novocherkassk, Russia). The quality of the white table wines are especially influenced by such factors as environmental conditions, the varietal characteristics of a grapes, the technology of cultivation and processing of grapes. An important result of our research is the qualitative estimation of wine materials made from studied varieties. The varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy had the high yield. Very high sugar content was observed in the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy, high in the varieties - Shampanchic-2, Durman, Kumshatskiy Beliy. The highest tasting score got the wine from the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy - 8.9 points. Varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy stand out for complex of agronomic traits. They are recommended for industrial grapes under the nature plantations in conditions the Lower Don area. In breeding as sources of valuable technological and economical-biological features, it is recommended to use - Mahrovatchik, Kumshatskiy Beliy and Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy grapes varieties.
The article summarizes the results of long-term multi-aspect basic research supervised by Prof. G.V. Udovenko using more than 7000 varieties of different crops studied within a single programme of salt, drought, frost and cold resistance. We show the parameters that are most closely connected with the level of resistance of the plants on the basis of the analysis of ecological and physiological mechanisms of resistance and adaptation of the cultivated plants with juicy fruit (fruit, berry, citrus and vegetable plants) to the extreme influence of the environment and to the impact of various endogenous factors on the level of resistance. We point out two categories of differences in the reactions of plants to various types of stresses: quantitative and qualitative. The data analysis indicates that many parameters of plants have a common qualitative character of change under the influence of heterogeneous stresses. The identity of the qualitative aspect testifies to the non-specific adaptation of the plants to the stresses. The qualitative differences reflect the actually existing phase level of resistance of the plants. It has been established that the formation of fruit organs substantially increases the functional activity of the vegetative organs and significantly raises the general resistance of the plant to extreme effects. During adaptation to stresses a self-adjusting decrease in the changes of fruit load manifests itself to stabilize the resistance of the plant to extreme effects. We suggest methodological approaches and techniques based on the assessment of physiological and genetic changes to be used in plant cultivation and breeding. The devised methodology of researching and preserving fruit and berry resources enables singling out the valuable genotypes for long-term storage.
The Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station stores a gene pool of stone fruits of 5000 genotypes as a result of collecting missions in the centres of origin of cultivated plants. The pool was used to single out the donors and characteristics significant for breeding that enabled the formation of the genetic collection of stone fruits and to syntheses the new collection donors which were employed to develop the new varieties of stone fruits. Their use was especially efficient for breeding clonal stocks. Using the genotypes of wild species of stone fruits from the State Register of Selection Achievements admitted for reproduction in the Russian Federation, we developed 17 clonal stocks. As a result of analytical selection we singled out the genotypes that were given the status of varieties from the gene pool of wild-growing stone fruits: seedling rootstocks 'Pamirskiy 5' and 'Tikhoretskiy 4', clonal stocks 'L-2' and 'Kuban 86', ornamental cherry trees 'Kiparisovaya', 'Rozanna', 'Krasna devitsa', 'Malyshka'; Louiseania ulmifolia - 'Ocharovanie', 'Rozoviy shar', 'Snezhanna'. As a result of study of the gene pool of the wild-growing stone fruits and the outcomes of their selection usage, additions and corrections were introduced in the system of the genus Prunus L. We suggest transferring the section Amygdalopsis (Carr.) Lincz. of the subgenus Amygdalus (L.) Focke and Microcerasus Webb. of the subgenus Cerasus Pers. to the subgenus Prunophora Focke besides the sections Prunus and Armeniaca (Lam.) Koehne. An intraspecific taxonomy of species was developed for: cherry plum - P.cerasifera Ehr.; blackthorn - P.spinosa L.; Microcerasus incana (Pall.) M. Roem. - P.incna Stev.; Microcerasus prostrata Roem.- P.prostrata Labill.; dwarf almond - P.nana (L.) Bert. et Hedr. and others. We put forward a hypothesis of the origin of several species of stone fruits, including P.spinosa, P.darvasica, P.fruticosa, P.Maackii, P.kurilensis, P.nana, P.fenzliana, P.buharica, P.spinosissima, P.petunnikovii and some others.
The article presents the characteristics of genotypes of the East Asian species of stone fruit plants related to Prunus L. Genetic diversity of the collection includes 14 species and 4 varieties including: breeding varieties - 87, hybrids - 23, local varieties - 237, genotypes of wild East Asian species - 227. Based on the polymorphism of wild species the intraspecific taxonomy was developed for P. sachalinensis, P. kurilensis, P. glandulosa depending on the colour of flower petals. The sources of significant selection traits were identified to create the adaptive varieties for the Far East and Siberia: it is identified for the genotypes of P. maackii, P. tomentosaandP. glandulos have the complete monogenetic resistance to coccomyces; the studied genotypes of P. maximoviczii, P. kurilensis, P. padus have the high immune response. It is proposed to include in the breeding programs: 40 genotypes of P. sachalinensis with sour-sweet and sweet taste of fruit that is quite rare for this species, 5 genotypes of P. mandshurica with large sour-sweet fruits, 4 genotypes of P. padus with early ripening sour-sweet fruits, one genotype of P. padus with late blooming and sour-sweet fruits, two genotypes of P. glandulosa with sour-sweet fruits and high winter resistance. All the studied wild stone plant species can be use as donors of high resistance to winter conditions and to coccomyces. Currently there is enough comprehensive information about genotype composition of the collection of East Asian stone plant species related to Prunus Lavailable on the Far Eastern Experimental Station, VIR.