Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The study of wild-growing vines allows to expand fundamental knowledge about the diversity of the grape gene pool, and wild vines are also studied in order to identify potential sources of resistance to stress factors of growing conditions. Powdery mildew resistance gene Ren1 is one of the few pathogen resistance genes identified in Vitis vinifera. Its presence has also been found in some vines of V. vinifera ssp. silvestris Gmel. The aim of this work was to study wild-growing vines found in the Krasnodar region with DNA markers of Ren1 powdery mildew resistance gene in order to search for potential donors of resistance. The study was conducted on 35 genotypes of wild growing vines, selected at several geographical points of the Krasnodar region along the coastline of the Black Sea and the Kuban River. Polymorphism of Ren1 locus was studied by PCR using cosegregated markers SC8-0071-014 and sc47-18, followed by assessment of the size of amplified fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis on a Nanofor 05 device and statistical processing in the GenAlEx 6.5 program. As a result, in the studied sample of genotypes, a rather high polymorphism was revealed for studied microsatellite loci (SC8-0071-014 18 types of alleles, sc47-18 8 alleles) an average of 13 alleles per locus was determined. In the prevailing majority of genotypes, the heterozygous state was determined for the studied loci, which is reflected in the indicators of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity: the observed values exceed the expected ones. The resistance alleles of Ren1 gene were not found in any of the studied samples of wild grapes.
Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).
The publication presents the results of a study aimed at assessment of introduced ultra early-maturing forms of walnut according to such traits as fruit ripening time, plant habit, f ruit-bearing type, ratio of fruit setting from lateral and apical buds, number of fruits in nut cluster, fruit characteristics, including a number of biochemical parameters. Based on the results of the observation, it was concluded that there is a trait of restrained growth in all the studied samples. At the same time, the level of compactness of crown branching had insignificant differences. The degree of crown compactness in all samples, with the exception of sample 16-SI-6, is comparable to the Dachnyi variety. The indicated sample had a more compact crown close to spur. It was found that all the studied samples have a lateral type of fruit-bearing (from 50 to 8 0% of the fruits are formed on lateral shoots). It has been established that the formation of nut clusters with two or three fruits, which, along with lateral fruit-bearing, contributes to an increase in productivity potential. According to these features, all studied forms are sources of traits. Taking into account such characteristics as the yield of the kernel, color and its extractability, the following most promising samples can be determined: 16-SI-5, 16-SI-6, 16-SI-10, 16-T-1, 16-T-2. They are sources of a set of selection-valuable traits and can be used in breeding. Based on the data of biochemical analysis, a sample 16-SI-2was identified, which has an increased content of biologically active substances, as well as fats, which may be the basis for its use in breeding according to these traits. The forms 16-SI-6 and 16-T-1 can be further considered as candidates for the varieties most promising for use in the private sector.
The article presents the stage of primary selection in the initial group of visually healthy grape bushes (about 500 pcs) of wine grape variety Bastardo Magarachskiy with high economically valuable characteristics, bred in the Institute Magarach. The studies were carried out in the production site of Bastardo Magarachskiy grape variety (No. 364, bush training AZOS-1, planting scheme 3 × 1.25 m) in Alushta branch of AO PAO Massandra. Agricultural recording for 500 bushes was carried out (average values for population were calculated, productivity indicators of Bastardo Magarachskiy variety with the degree of their variability were determined). In order to test the hypothesis about the regularity of distribution of quantitative characteristics in 500 initial bushes, we used three-sigma method and calculation of asymmetry and kurtosis indicators. It was established that distribution of such indicators as coefficient of fruitfulness k2 (665.2), percentage of developed shoots (652.08) and coefficient of fruitfulness k1 (8629) had the greatest positive asymmetry. The biggest negative asymmetry was noted in the distribution of such indicators as yield per bush (-502.6), number of fruiting shoots (-365.4), number of inflorescences (-337.8), number of eyes (-268.5), number of developed shoots (- 259.9), average bunch weight (-222.9), number of bunches (-218.2), productivity of a shoot in terms of raw bunch weight (-207.9). The greatest kurtosis was observed in the distribution of such indicators as coefficient of fruitfulness k2 (0.7), number of inflorescences (0.59), yield per bush (0.56), number of fruiting shoots (0.54), productivity of a shoot in terms of raw bunch weight (0.31). Variability degree of 9 characteristics (coefficient of fruitfulness k1, average bunch weight, number of bunches, number of developed shoots, number of eyes, shoot productivity in terms of raw bunch weight, yield per bush, number of fruiting shoots, number of inflorescences) is characterized as high (V= 26.54 - 41.79 %) according to the calculation of variation coefficient. The obtained data indicate the heterogeneity of population of the variety Bastardo Magarachskiy and the possibility of selecting highly productive protoclones.
In connection with the intensification of horticulture, as well as the relevance of the issue of import substitution, the issue of creating potentially high-yielding varieties of walnuts that can realize their biological productivity potential in the conditions of the North Caucasus is becoming increasingly important, since not only high yield capacity and valuable characteristics of fruits, but also, the increased adaptability to the specific environmental conditions of the region. At the same time, the signs of fruit quality still have one of the key values for the competitiveness of the variety. The article presents the results of research on the search for promising forms of walnut. In the course of expedition trips in order to select promising forms of walnut, valuable samples were identified, in which the lateral type of fruiting and a complex of economically valuable characteristics of the fruit were noted. In general, all 16 selected walnut forms are valuable for breeding programs for various characteristics (type of fruiting, yield capacity, large-fruitedness, important economically valuable fruit traits). Sample Nj-4 has a level of fruit setting on lateral shoots up to 80 %, which suggests the prospect of its use for breeding purposes for this trait. Forms Krd-2, Krd-3, Ps-13, Din-5, Din-10 can be considered promising in terms of the complex of phenotypic characteristics of fruits. These sampleshave a percentage of kernel yield, with the exception of Krd-3 (43.0 %), more than 50 %, good kernel extraction, kernel completion and can be used in breeding work as sources of economically valuable traits.