Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Recently, the task of updating the walnut assortment with new adaptive and high-quality varieties of domestic breeding has been solved, since foreign varieties cannot fully realize their biological potential in the conditions of the North Caucasus. In order to solve the issue of import substitution, it is necessary to create competitive, highly productive varieties with lateral fruiting, adaptive to unfavorable factors. At the same time, an extremely important characteristic of the variety is the quality of the fruit. The article presents the results of research on the search for promising forms of walnut. During the route trips, a preliminary assessment of the studied samples was carried out for the presence of lateral fruiting and fruit load, as a result of which 11 promising forms were identified for assessing the morphometric characteristics and quality of the fruits. All 11 selected forms of walnut are valuable for breeding and can serve as sources of economically useful traits (lateral fruiting, large fruit, high percentage of kernel yield, light, well-filled kernel, thin shell). Forms � 1, � 3, � 4, � 5, � 6, � 7, �. 8, � 10 can be considered the most promising in terms of the complex of phenotypic characteristics of fruits. These samples have an average (� 1, � 5, � 7, � 8) and high (� 3, � 4, � 6, � 11) percentage of kernel yield, good kernel extractability, kernel completion and can be used in breeding work, such as sources of economically valuable traits.

Annotation

The main breeding techniques used in the 50s of the 19th century by breeder F.M. Zorin � creator of the Friendship Tree, candidate of agricultural sciences (1944), are considered. Fyodor Mikhailovich developed valuable varieties of mandarin oranges, grapefruits, lemons, plums, figs, and hazelnuts. Author of more than 40 scientific papers. He was awarded the State Prize for the creation of new varieties of fruit plants. This article shows theoretical research and practically used methods for breeding new varieties of citrus fruits. The basis of his research was vegetative hybridization (from Greek �hybris� � inbreeding) � the production of hybrids by grafting. Zorin F.M. paid a special role in the breeding work to �tree gardens�, which were of both scientific and industrial importance. Fruits from such a tree could change shape, size, color and ripening time. At the same time, he paid attention not only to the selection of the scion, but also the rootstock. As a result, such a tree had many trunks, and the crown consisted of numerous varieties and species of three genera � Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus of the Rutaceae family. Almost the entire Pomeranian subfamily (Aurantioideae) grafts onto each other and is highly compatible. It is important to take into account varietal characteristics: timing of flowering and ripening, as well as their biology. The main advantages of citrus �tree-gardens� are the saving of garden space, the aesthetic appearance of the trees and originality, as well as the ability to obtain more varieties per unit area.

Annotation

The study presents the results of a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic assessment of the gene pool of orchard crops, grapes and breeding of new generation varieties. Taking into account changing weather and climatic conditions, intensification of technologies for cultivating orchard crops and grapes, the need to change the focus of breeding work is becoming more urgent, in terms of increasing the adaptability of varieties. The purpose of the research was to mobilize, preserve, study the gene pool, identify genes for valuable traits using DNA markers, and create varieties with high productive potential. In conjunction with this, the NCFSCHVW preserves a gene pool of 7,240 genotypes, 632 donors and sources of valuable traits. For the first time, promising DNA-markers Ps12a02a and CPPCT006, priority ones for genetic analysis, have been identified for the evaluation of sweet cherry varieties. The polymorphism of DNA-markers used for genotyping of grape varieties was established: UDV305 and UDV737, linked to the Rpv3 gene for resistance to downy mildew, GF15-42, SCGF15-02, linked to the Ren3 gene, and CenGen6, linked to the Ren9 gene for resistance to grape powdery mildew. DNA-marking made it possible to identify donor grape varieties Moldova bessemyannaya (resistance to downy mildew by the Rpv3 gene), Kishmish Zaporozhskiy (resistance to powdery mildew by the Ren3 and Ren9 genes); donor of apple tree immunity to scab according to the Rvi6 gene � elite 12/2-21-27. Analysis of the hybrid progeny of strawberries made it possible to identify the donor of large fruit � Nelly variety. 26 unique DNA passports of domestic grape, plum and apple varieties have been developed. Based on a comprehensive assessment of varieties of orchard crops and grapes, 45 sources were established for important characteristics: adaptability, productivity, tolerance to root phylloxera, seedlessness of grapes, productivity in the mother plantings, easy propagation by cuttings, etc. 16 elite forms were obtained with breeding-significant traits, allowing to optimize the assortment of garden crops and grapes. To create stable and productive agrocenoses and ampelocenoses in the conditions of the North Caucasus, 20 varieties with high ecological plasticity and manufacturability are recommended.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying the enocarpological characteristics of bunches and berries of local and introduced table and wine grape varieties cultivated in the Absheron region. In the course of the studies, it was found that indicators such as bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, and the amount of solid residue varied over a wide range depending on the grape variety; in particular, large, medium and small bunches were observed. During the research, it was found that such table and technical grape varieties as Tuya-tish, wild form 2, Alphonse Lavallee, Nagshebi, Digah kechimemesi, Gyozel uzum, Ganjavi, Digah gorasy, Ag Kharji, Uzun salkhym, according to enocarpological indicators (bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, percentage of seeds in the berry, weight of 100 seeds, solid residue) were noticeably different from other varieties. In the studied table grape varieties, the enocarpological parameters varied over wide ranges, the average weight of the bunch was 210.0-974.0 g, the weight of the stem concerning the total weight of the bunch was 0.7-9.6%, the residue of the skin and pulp was 18.0-40.0 %, juice yield � 51.0-72.7 %, seeds � 2.4-10.8 %, amount of solid residue � 27.3-49 %, and weight of 100 seeds � 2.7-14.0 g. In wine grape varieties, these indicators differed from table varieties. They were estimated as follows: bunch weight 178.7-548.0 g, stem weight concerning the total weight of the bunch � 1.8-6.5 %, the skin and pulp residue � 14.7-31.6 %, juice yield � 64.1-76.2 %, seeds � 2.7-7.4 %, amount of solid residue � 23.8-43.0 %. The highest weight of the bunch, stem, remaining skin and pulp, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and the lowest juice yield were noted in table varieties; for wine grape varieties, this ratio was the opposite.