Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
There was carried out the selection of the best apple-tree varieties of winter maturing period for effective use in the adaptive horticulture. On the results of assessment the immune to scab variety Florina was admitted as promising for that purpose.
In the agric and ecological conditions of Russia South the most adaptive roto clones of Aligote grapes are allocated. The difference between proto clones resistance to abiotic and biotic factors of planting environmental are established.
The results of research of the impact of varietal characteristics and weather conditions for the implementation of the potential productivity of sweet cherries plants are presented. Biological productivity potential of most sweet cherry varieties allows them to receive the high annual yields, which full realization is prevented by insufficient winter hardiness of plants, especially of fruit buds. In the southern zone of the industrial cultivation of sweet cherry in winter period the considerable damage of generative buds is observed at a temperature -24 to 25 C, the critical temperatures minimum for sweet cherry varieties 26,0 C. It is necessary to select the varieties of sweet cherries, capable to form a high resistance to temperature extremes of winter-spring period taking into consideration the climate features of the fruit zone of Krasnodar territory. It is the purpose of our conducted researches. As a result, the critical temperatures are set at different phases of fruit buds development are established. The degree of reduction of the elements of fruiting on the final stages of productivity formation is defined. The group of varieties that can fully realize the biological potential in fruit yield is allocated. The long-term assessment of winter hardiness of trees in the fruit plantings revealed the advantage of sweet cherry varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture.
The fundamental basis for the solving of theoretical and applied problems of breeding is the culture gene pool. Native, age-old varieties of various regions of grapes cultivation, as well as wild forms, is the most valuable part of a world gene pool of culture. Local native varieties represent a great interest for solving of applied problems of breeding and fundamental questions. Just in genotypes of autochthonic varieties of grapes the complexes of traits providing adaptability of plants to specific agriclimatic conditions of cultivation can be revealed. The purpose of this work is studying of genotypes of the South Russian native grapes varieties on the basis of the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. Researches on genotyping of autochthonic grapes varieties of the South of Russia are begun. DNA profiles of 12 native varieties on microsatellite loci of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are received. It is established that each grapes variety has the own unique DNA profile. The varieties with rare alleles are determined by the studied loci in the research group of grapes varieties
Cultivation of callus tissue with the subsequent receiving of regenerants is a new direction in a breeding research. It is necessary to develop the technology of reliable receiving of regenerated plants for successful carrying out of research with use the callus cultures of wild strawberry. This method will open the ways of high effective mass breeding in vitro culture. The works purpose is the development of methodical aspects of increase of regeneration frequency in vitro system and the analysis of variability of plants from callus culture of wild strawberry. The growth regulators of cytokinin, auxin and gibberellic nature are used as inductors of a stem organogenesis. The results of research on regeneration of plants in the callus culture of wild strawberry (callus age is from 30 to 160 days) are given. It is established that the frequency of shoot regeneration was from 6,7 to 64% and depended on present of growth regulators in the medium, their concentration and an initial genotype. Some variants of induction medium on the basis of Murashige-Skoog recipe with an optimum combination of growth regulators are developed. The effective two-stage method of increase of regeneration ability of callus tissue is developed. The analysis of regenerated plants showed the considerable degree of variability of some traits which remained in R1 and R2 vegetative generations. The developed methodical approaches to increase of morphogenetic potential of callus cultures can be used for other varieties relating to a type of F. ananassa Duch. for increase of efficiency and direction of wild strawberry breeding process.