Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Anthracnose black rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum is one of the most widespread diseases of strawberry, causing a significant damage to industrial plantations. The defeat of strawberry with anthracnose can lead to the loss of more than 80% of the crop. Most of the strawberry varieties intended for industrial cultivation are susceptible to anthracnose black rot in various degree. This study presents the results of PCR analysis of varieties and forms of strawberry (F. × ananassa Duch.) taking into account the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Biological objects of research were the cultivars of garden strawberry of various ecological and geographical origin and perspective selective forms of FSBSI FSC I.V. Michurin breeding. To assess the allelic state of the Rca2 gene of strawberry stability to anthracnose SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used. The PCR process was monitored by the SSR marker of EMFv020. The article shows the results of DNA analysis of varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry using the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Based on the evaluation of the allelic state of the Rca2 gene, the Laetitia strawberry variety is resistant to anthracnose (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2 or Rca2rca2), which allow us to recommend it for breeding as a promising source of resistance to C. Acutatum Simmonds of the 2nd pathogenic group. The other analyzed genotypes have a recessive homozygous status on the marker STS-Rca2_240 (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2), which indicates their susceptibility to the causative agent of anthracnose black rot of the 2nd pathogenic group.
The paper presents the results of the prospects evaluation for the use of two strawberry varieties as Florence and Belrubi in selection on the fruit size. For breeding in this direction it is necessary to know the features of the inheritance by the given trait and the individual qualities of the studied varieties. The standard parameter for evaluation of the genetic potential of agricultural crop is the coefficient of heritability in broad and narrow meaning, which allows to know the donor potential of the studied forms, based on the additive effect of genetic interactions. The purpose of our research is an evaluation of the donor potential by the average fruit weight of the Florence and Belrubi varieties. In this work we used the programs and methods generally accepted in Russia, as well as the Program of the North Caucasian Center for Breeding of Fruit, Berry, Decorative Flower Crops and Grapes for the Period until 2030. Studies have shown that a distinct additive genetic effect and concomitant donor potential is revealed by the average fruit weight for the Florence variety, which showed in five hybrid selections with its participation the coefficient of heritability in the narrow meaning h2 from 0,73 to 0,84. For the Belrubi variety in the nine hybrid selections with its participation, five selections showed values of the heritability coefficient from 0,04 to 0,46, which indicates the predominance of the non-additive effect of genetic interactions in these vegetative hybrid populations and the benefit of breeding on fruit size in individual cross combinations with the participation of Belrubi. The potential realization possibility of the Belrubi variety in four from nine hybrid selections with its participation of the additive genes effect on the average fruit weight is allow to identify this variety as a genetic source.
The short history of berry crop`s collections creation in the branch Maykop Experimental Station of VIR is given. Species and varietal diversity of the genera Fragaria L., Rubus L., Ribes L., Grossularia Mill. is presented. The study of collection samples is carried out according to the generally accepted guidelines in the VIR. Particular attention is paid to plant condition of after wintering, phenological phases, growth and development, yield and quali-ty of berries, field assessment of resistance to hydrothermal stress, diseases and pests. It is shown that berry crops in the foothills of the Republic of Adygea generally overwinter well. The greatest damage is observed in severe and snowy winters, as well as under the influence of late spring frosts. For theoretical ground of some of the reasons for the decline in the yield and quality of berries the article reflects the results of the visual evaluation of plants, and their water exchange in an extremely hot and dry conditions. It was revealed that drought-and heat-resistant samples have increased water-holding capacity of leaves. According to visual observations, the resistance to summer stress factors manifest the thorn free blackberry varieties of Evergreen, Logan, Merton; and raspberry of Hussar, Shuntuk-skaya, Tarusa, Cumberland; black currants of Gracia, Lentyai, Kipiani, Uktus; red currant of Vica, Marmeladny; gooseberry of Besshipny and Houghton. The varieties of strawberry of local selection (Berchet, Kremlevskaya, Maikopskaya Rannya, Nelmes, Persikovaya, Predgornaya, Paryt, Shuntuk-skaya 6) and a number of introduced samples showed the field resistance to the complex of fungal diseases. Practically resistant to spots have the black currants of Delicates, Kipiani, Ladushka, R. americanum Mill. subsp. floridum ; red currant of Azora, Asya, Isumitelnaya, Krasnaya Andreichenko, Marmeladny; gooseberry Haughton. Among blackberries are allocated: Agavam, Evergreen, Kittatinny, Whitford Thornless; raspberry Turner, Shuntukskaya 6, Briliantovaya. When growing and compiling breeding programs for the Southern region of Russia, it is necessary to take into account the based characteristics of the studied samples.
Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.
The purpose of these study is to identify and the create promising high-quality vari-eties and forms of apple trees of domestic and foreign breeding with a complex of valuable agrobiological signs for the formation of nature-like, resource-saving plantations. According to the results of years research, the high-quality apple elite forms of NCFSCHVW breeding and joint breeding of NCFSCHVW and All-RRIFCB with oligogenic and polygenic type of scab resistance and promising varieties for use in the production of foreign and domestic breeding have been identified. Study were carried out according to generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. Based on the assessment of the complex of the main economic characteristics as early ripening, yield, fructification stability, scab resistance, quality and standard of fruits, the most promising varieties and forms of apple trees were selected for involvement in the breeding process and use in the production. A brief description of new elite forms with oligogenic (18/1-14-35) and polygenic (12/1-20-76) type of scab resistance is given in the article. For industrial cultivation, apple varieties are selected: Cameo, Granatovoe, Auvil Erli. Their brief description and estimated indicators of the economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation (sales profit from 442.8 to 550.2 thousand rubles / ha; profitability from 16.9 to 29.7 pp) is presented. The attention is fixed that the high rates of economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation are due to the most optimal combination of the complex of the most important economic traits: as fast fruitage, high yield, fruiting stability, high quality and standard of fruits, and for Granatovoe variety due to immunity to scab additionally.