Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The fruit orchard's areas occupied by an apricot culture in the Stavropol Region are very insignificant. It is noted in the article that the main reason of it is an irregular fructification of an apricot trees because of a short rest period and destruction of floral buds from spring and winter fluctuations of temperature, and also from damage of plants by diseases clasterosporium and monilia. The problem's solution of increase apricot's area in the region can be provided by the optimal placement of varieties corresponded to the requirements of culture, and also by selection of varieties for landing of gardens, which are more hardy to winter and steady against diseases. The purpose of the presented work is to carry out an economic and biological assessment of apricot varieties on a wild apricot rootstock during 2001-2013 under the conditions of Stavropol Region for allocation varieties for industrial use on totality of valuable signs. Research were conducted on the basis of the Stavropol Experimental Station of Gardening with use of well known techniques of studying of fruit crops varieties. In a course of conducted research and agritechnical calculations it is established that the greatest freezing point of floral and growth buds of studied varieties of apricot trees was 5,0 points in this year. Low temperatures of 2012 winter period led to essential depression of activators of clasterosporium and monilia. As a result of carried out long-term research and assessment of varieties on the main economical valuable signs most the productive apricot varieties with annual fructification are allocated. On the sum of estimating indicators that were defined in the experiment a number of apricot varieties are recommended for industrial use.
Now in Russia the overproduction of red wines is noted, so the attempts to reduce the production of red wines towards increase the production of white wines are made. For create of new plantings of white grapes the old assortment is used, but it was strongly damaged in extreme 2005-2006. The purpose of research is study of economic and valuable traits, the technological and other indicators of new white grapes varieties. The integrated assessment of their varieties is given and the most perspective varieties for replenishment of modern assortment are allocated. The results of long-term study of new grapes varieties which is carried out at the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking during the period from 2006 to 2013 are presented in the article. It is established that average productivity of studied new grapes varieties is higher on 39-123 c/hectare, than zoned Aligote variety. During 2011-2013 this difference was 35,1-60,9 c/hectare. A number of perspective white technical grapes are revealed. These varieties have stability to adverse ecological factors of the environment and at the same time they are capable to give the high-quality wines. It is offered to use the technical grapes varieties Arabushlo, Bakator white, Zolotaya osen, Polyuks in the industrial purposes and in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and quality of wine. Use of these varieties will expand the borders of steady production of grapes in the region. The result of study of new grapes varieties of the technological direction is the quality of created wines: all experimental wine materials received the higher tasting estimates, than the wines made from control varieties.
The results of the effectiveness evaluation of the breeding process on the combination of traits complex in the hybrid posterity of gooseberries from 17 combinations of crosses are given in the article. The research is conducted at the breeding plots of Berry crops department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Institute of Fruit growing". The hybrid fund of 1990-91 crossing, including 665 plants from 17 combinations of intervarietal crossing is estimated. As a source of parental forms the Yarowoy, Afrikanets, Masheka gooseberry etc was taken. The nature of inheritance of two, three or more economically useful traits is studied. By results of research of 665 hybrids the 7 plants are selected, that plants combine the traits of high resistance to sphaeroteca and high productivity with big berries of sweet taste; one plant with the combination of all these traits and high height of bush is selected. To create of gooseberry varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, 19 plants with the highest traits of resistance, productivity and bush's height are selected. Inclusion in the hybridization of two types of derivatives, as Ribes hirtellum and Ribes reclinatum, promotes to receiving of hybrids with 6 studied traits. The varieties and hybrids of gooseberry, derived from two kinds - R. succirubrum and R. reclinatum, Combinations of crossing with the combination of the genetic basis of the three species -R. robusta, R. succirubrum, R. reclinatum and R. robusta, R. hirtellum, R. reclinatum promote to high yield of hybrids suitable for mechanized harvesting. Thus, not all combinations of crossing, selected as prospective combinations in the analysis process of inheritance of individual traits, provided the high production of hybrids with the complex of traits and vice versa. The hibrid's gooseberry families of Belaruskiy Sacharny × Krasnoslavyanskiy, Belaruskiy Krasny × Joselin, 10-45 D × 15-13-10-52u and 10-52D × Yarovoy have the high breeding value.
One of the most important scientific problems in the genetics of cultivated plants is study and conservation of genetic diversity. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grapes gene pool. Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the gene pool of grapes at the present time. Genotyping of the 14 Dagestan autochthonous grapes cultivars has done in our research: Asyl Kara, Bayat Kapy, Gimra, Gulaby Daghestanskiy, Joonga, Dubut, Mola Huseyn Tsibil, Rish Baba, Sarah, Tavlinskiy Pozdniy, Hatal Baar, Hop Halat, Khotsa Tsibil, Shavrany. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. Above-noted SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera genotyping. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on an automated genetic analyzer that provides data, corresponding to the modern world requirements for genotype identification. Using of multiplex PCR was tested in our work. Multiplex kits allow to optimize the time spending on analysis of DNA, as well as significantly reduce implementation costs. VVMD27 locus showed the highest polymorphism in the study of this group of Daghestan cultivars: 9 alleles per locus are identified; locus VrZAG62 showed the smallest polymorphism 5 alleles / locus. The cultivars of grapes with uncommon alleles at the studied loci were determined in the analyzed varieties group. The information of number of microsatellite markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 for fingerprinting of analyzed samples of grapes cultivars is shown.
Genetic collections of fruit crops are the basis for the breeding work: the creation of new varieties, the selection and retention of donors and sources of valuable genetic traits, the enhancing of regional industrial assortment by new varieties of domestic breeding. There is a collection of stone fruit crops with 331 varieties, as well as more than 2300 hybrids, on the base of the of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. In this article the role of genetic collections of stone fruit crops in the creation of new generation of varieties with specified valuable and productive properties is noted. The important role of genetic collection for forming of modern regional assortment of fruit crops for creating of industrial orchards under conditions of Southern Russia is shown. During research process the donors and sources of commercially valuable and breeding important traits for different stone fruit crops are selected in the work. The selected donors and sources are recommended for use in the different breeding programs and they reduce the stages of variety creating to a great extent. As a result of long-term research 15 varieties of sweet cherry, cherry, and plum of NRRIH&V breeding were passed into the State Register of breeding achievement. 29 varieties of these crops were passed in the State variety's study. 4 patents for sweet cherry varieties and 1 patent for cherry variety and 3 patents for plum varieties took out. The new varieties selected by research increase zoned and perspective assortment of stone fruit crops of domestic breeding and allow to create the adaptive and steady fruit-bearing planting of stone fruit crops under the conditions of Krasnodar Region.