Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The most important multilocus marker systems include ISSR markers based on polymorphism of genome fields located between microsatellite areas. Their effectiveness in genetic work has been demonstrated in the extensive list of studies in which they were involved. ISSR markers are easy to use, low-cost and methodologically less demanding than many other marker systems, and it makes them good genetic markers for the initial stages of organisms research for which the genetic information is missing. The aim of this work is to search for and detect the effective ISSR markers for genotyping of representatives the P. serrulata species. The results of testing ISSR markers on the genotypes of the P. serrulata species are shown. Based on the quality of the DNA fingerprint obtained, the most informative ISSRs were selected for each of the markers involved in the work. Primers of ISSR markers selected will be used for genotyping. As a result of the work performed in the process of PCR f rom 35 ISSR markers, 26 gave DNA fragments on sakura genotypes. At the same time, 8 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers ncludes ISSRs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: UBC 811, UBC 813, UBC 818, UBC 825, UBC 843, UBC 864, 3A59, ASSR02. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed samples.
Powdery mildew, white and brown spots, as well as recent anthracnose black rot, late blight and verticellosis wilt are the most important diseases that cause the significant damage to the strawberry plantations. The losses of a strawberry commodity crop from anthracnose damage can reach 80 %. The most strawberry varieties are susceptible to anthracnose black rot in various degree. The resistance of garden strawberry to anthracnose is controlled polygenically and monogenously. The causative agent of late blight root rot (late blight wilting) is Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman. The causative agent of late blight affects the root system, causing the inhibition of growth, withering and subsequent death of plants. One of the promising methods for identifying wild strawberry forms resistant to late blight and anthracnose is analysis using diagnostic DNA markers linked to the target alleles of resistance genes. DNA markers are successfully used both at the stage of selection of initial sources for hybridization and in the subsequent analysis of hybrid material. The results of DNA analysis of varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry on the genes of resistance to late blight wilt Rpf1 and anthracnose Rca2 are shown. The SCAR-R1A marker linked to the Rpf1 gene was not detected in the studied strawberry varieties and forms, that presumably indicates their recessive homozygous genotype for the Rpf1 gene (rpf1rpf1). The STS-Rca2_240 marker linked to the Rca2 gene was detected in Borovitskaya and Aprica varieties and in the selected form of 933-4 (F. virginiana Duch. Ssp. Platypetala × Rubinovy Kulon), which allow us to recommend them for breeding as a promising source of anthracnose resistance.
Oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes one of the most harmful diseases of grapes downy mildew. In the areas of the humid climate of the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus, the pathogen causes particular damage. In the form of epiphytotic, Plasmopara viticola develops 6-7 times of 10 years and can cause`s the losses from 50 to 100 % of yeld, despite the presence of a large number of fungicides that can inhibit the harmfulness of this disease. The aim of the work was to test the microsatellite DNA markers of GOB, CES, ISA, and BER to study the diversity of P. viticola populations parasitizing in vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory. The material for the study were grape leaves of various varieties affected by mildew. The leaves was taken in May-July 2019 at various points in the Krasnodar Territory. P. viticola DNA was isolated from the diseased tissue of grape leaves using the CytoSorb developed by Syntol specifically for the diagnosis of phytopathogens. A total of 8 samples of P. viticola DNA were extracted. The study was carried out using the classical method of polymerase chain reaction with optimization of the number and duration of cycles, as well as the concentration of reagents. The size of the amplified fragments of the GOB, CES, ISA, and BER loci was estimated using an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer and using fragment analysis. Data analysis was carried out in the program Gene Mapper 4.1. The greatest polymorphism was detected by the GOB marker (15 types of alleles in eight studied samples). The GOB, CES, ISA, and BER markers can be used to study P. viticola populations wide spreading in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory.
This article presents an analysis of the grape genetic resources at the global and Russian levels. In many countries of the world, the national programs for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources are developed and implemented. The work provides the information on the formation of common approaches to the use of existing bioresource collections in Russia and the creation of a unified information system. In addition, the results of the work on preserving the gene pool of grapes at the Anapa experimental station of viticulture and winemaking over the past two years are shown. A comparative analysis of the quantitative ratio of grape varieties growing in the other ampelographic collections is given. In particular, according to the number of samples, the Anapa ampelographic collection is the largest collection of grapes in Russia, in which there are the samples from thirty-two collections belonging to eighteen states of the world. Every year, the collection is replenished with an average of ten varieties. A comprehensive study of them is necessary to identify the patterns of adaptive reactions of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin to changing conditions of the growing season and the selection of donors and sources of breeding-valuable traits for use in the breeding. That is the preservation of the collect grape gene pool is a certain difficulty in connection with the different adaptive ability of the varieties under the other soil and climatic conditions that differ from the conditions of the previous cultivation. In this regard, this article provides the information on the relaying of the largest ampelographic collection in Russia, in which it is planned to replenish the gene pool of grapes with Kuban wild-growing forms that are of interest in the breeding.
This article presents the results of the most relevant now breeding work on the creation of new grape technical varieties and the selection of elite forms, since there is a shortage of technical grapes in the assortment. It is important with the indigenous varieties to create and cultivate the new technical varieties that combine the high quality of products with adaptability to abiotic and biotic stress factors the characteristics are necessary for the production of original wines, with a high level of sugar accumulation. The study of this problem for the Anapo-Taman zone is of great interest. As a result of research work on the study of a complex of economically valuable breeding traits for elite hybrid grape forms of technical purposefulness of middle and late ripening a number of features are revealed: an elite hybrid form III-59-24 stands out among the other of the studied forms by the average yield of berries from the bush (taking into account the relatively small average number of fruiting shoots on the bush) 8,1 kg, with high fruiting and fruitfulness ratios 1,1, low acidity of berries 5,7 g / dm3; the elite hybrid form III-62-24 is characterized by an average yield from the bush of 8.2 kg, a high fruit bearing coefficient of 1.1, a high sugar content in the berries of 20,1 g / 100 cm3; the elite hybrid form of K-I-74-1 has the largest bunches, the highest yield from one bush in comparison with the other studied forms, a high concentration of sugar in berries, the largest fruitiness of one shoot as well as the big mass of the bunch.