Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
There are 4911 varieties of table and technical grapes are in the ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station now. This collection is replenished annually due to introductions, breeding of hybrids, searching for wild forms. The dominant part of the collection's gene pool belongs to the species Vitis vinifera L., about 2 % comes from Vitis labrusca L., the single varieties belong to some other types of grapes. As a result of the varietal composition analysis of table grapes according to the timing of maturation, a relatively identical quantitative selection of varieties annually are established. It allows you to create an economically viable conveyor of production and sale of table grapes, taking into account the specifics of the resort area of the Black Sea coast. Of particular value are varieties of early and super early ripening, which provide the highest profitability of table viticulture, but it is not enough in the assortment of early ripening varieties, and this problem is very important for the resort Southern areas. There is a great need for stable table grape varieties with large, elegant bunches and berries with unusual shape and beautiful color of the berries, characterized by high taste qualities. According to these parameters, the highest selling price of grapes is formed. Analysis of the composition of technical grape varieties revealed their quantitative varietal ratio in the processing of grape products. This makes it possible to evenly load the capacity of the plants for the production of wine. It is shown in the article that favorable weather conditions contributed to the full flowering pollination of grapevines. Therefore, the bunches were aligned and full at the main quantity of varieties. In this regard, the share of technical varieties with a harvest of up to 90 quintals per hectare decreased by 30 % compared to 2015. And the share of varieties with a yield of more than 150 centners per hectare increased.
The aim of this work is to assess the potential fruitfulness, determine the maximum zone of the values of the coefficient of fruiting, to carried out a regression analysis of the dependence of the inflorescences buds on the placement of buds along the length of the vine of indigenous and local grapes in the Black Sea region of Crimea to further determine the bush`s load and the pruning length of fruit vines. The study were carried out according to generally accepted methods and methodological developments in viticulture. In the Mountain-Valley Seaside Region of the Black Sea agroecological zone of the South Coast Crimea, the zone of maximum values of the coefficient of fruiting of grape plants is defined from 7 to 10 buds along the length of the shoot. The studied grape varieties of Kokur White and Sary Pandas, according to the results of the study, of very high values of the fruiting coefficient, respectively 1.67 and 1.74; Kefesia variety of low coefficient (0.5); Ekim Kara high ones (0.96), Asma table medium ones (0.82). A close correlation was established between the embryonic fruitful-ness of the central buds and the ordinal number of the ocelli along the length of the grape vine. Based on a summary of research results, the regulation of the pruning length of fruit vines has been optimized, which will ensure an increase in the production of grape products. The most productive zone along the length of fruit vines was selected as a potential for future yield. It is indicated that technological solutions should be made to quality: regionalization of varieties taking into account the selection of soil and climatic growing conditions, agricultural technology of the varieties, starting with the determination of potential fruitfulness, aimed at the potential stability of grape varieties taking into account the specialization of the use of raw materials.
The problem of collecting and preservation raspberry types and varieties acquires a special relevance in connection with reduction of a genetic variety. The genbancks biodiversity remains generally in the field collections, in vitro conditions and in the cryocollections. The adaptation problem the culture tube of plants is of interest at their transfer to natural conditions. The collection of VIR (St. Petersburg) in vitro are presented by 114 specimens of raspberry from which in a basic collection of branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR the implanted microplants of 14 raspberry varie-ties were transferred to study their viability in the field conditions and also to estimate them on a complex eco-nomic-valuable signs, resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors, peculiar to a foothill zone of the Republic of Adyghea. All collection specimens are studied on a complex of indexes: the condition of plants after the rewintering, observing for development phases, productivity and quality of berries, drought- and heat tolerance, resistance to fungi pathogens. Standard techniques of specimens assessment are used. After transfer of specimens in natural conditions of all culture tube plants showed good survival. To fall the length of shoots of Babie Leto, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Meteor, Rubinovaya, Solnishko, Sputnitsa varieties were more than 75 cm. The general condition of plants was estimated on 4-5 points. Test tube plants of raspberry replaced in natural conditions quite easily adapt, well grow and develop. It allows to study their morfo-biological characteristics, to reveal the valuable signs, and to estimate the degree of specimen`s adaptability to abiotic and biotic stress factors of the Southern zone of Russia.
The article assesses the apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Northern Ossetia-Alania using the one of the most important signs of fruit quality large fruiting. The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods generally accepted and developed by the staff of the center for selection of FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 25 apple varieties in the study, of which 13 are domestic and 12 are foreign breeding. According to the results of long-term studies, the most large-fruited varieties and elite forms of apple-tree were selected in the Southern region of Russia: the summer variety of Soyus, autumn Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman, early winter Ligol, winter and late winter Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Zolotaya Krona, 12/2-20-35, Prikubanskoe. Among the varieties selected by valuable sign of large-fruited, there are all apple varieties of regional breeding, excepting the Ligol variety. The most large-fruited among summer varieties Soyus variety (330 g); among all the studied varieties Talisman, the average and maximum fruit weight of which is 523.6 g and 534.0 g, respectively. The most of the cultivated varieties and elite forms of apple-tree selected for large-fruited sign were obtained as a result of the joint breeding of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the FSBSI All-RRIHB and they are immune to scab: Soyuz, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman and 12/2-20-35. The study of apple varieties and elite forms of different genetic origin and ploidy and different ripening terms in the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania allowed us to identify the most valuable of them for use in breeding and produc-tion.
To improve the environmental sustainability of horticulture in the Southern Urals, it is necessary to cultivate the adaptive varieties of fruit and berry crops. When assessing the adaptive potential of apricot varieties, linear regression (bi) was calculated, which characterizes ecological plasticity, the standard deviation from the regression line (Si2), which determines the stability of the variety in the environment, and the coefficient of variety adaptability. The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to identify adaptive varieties of Manchurian apricot in the Southern Urals Snezhinskiy, Kichiginskiy, Prizor, Uralets, Pikantnyj and Medovyj. The plastic varieties whose productivity varies in accordance with the changing environmental conditions include the apricot varieties: Pikantnyy (67.3 c/ha; bi 1.27; Si2 8.5), Uralets (66.3 c/ha; 1.28; 35.9), Chelyabinskiy ranniy (59.2 c/ha; 1.14; 19.2) and Barkhatnyy (46.6 c/ha; 0.85; 23.8). The varieties of the intensive type, characterized by high responsiveness to the improvement of growing conditions (bi is significantly more than 1), include the varieties Snezhinskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.69; 177.8) and Kichiginskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.34; 327.3). The Zolotaya Kostochka (38.2 c/ha; 0.73; 32.9); it reacts poorly to changes in environmental conditions. The introduced varieties of apricot Khabarovskiy and Michurinskiy N 22 in the conditions of the Southern Urals proved to be unstable (Si2 = 446.4 and 77.4) and low plastic varieties (bi = 0.58 and 0.33), and as a result formed a low yield (35.0 and 16.2 c/ha, respectively). For cultivation in the Southern Urals should use the adaptive apricot varieties of local selection.