Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
With the increase and shift of the physiologically significant air temperature in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the south of Russia in the period from 1975 to 2018, there were significant changes in the phenological cycles of the Occidentalis C. Negr. The duration of the growing season from budbreak to physiological maturity of grapes decreased for Riesling Italian by 18, Sauvignon Blanc by 21, Cabernet Sauvignon by 14 days. For the Riesling Italian variety, the duration of the period from budbreak to flowering decreased by 6 days, from flowering to veraison by 6 days, from veraison to physiological maturity by 5 days, for the Sauvignon Blanc variety, respectively, by 4, 2 and 15 days, for Cabernet Sauvignon by 5, 1 and 7 days. The beginning of budbreak shifted to a later date for Riesling Italian for 1 day, Cabernet Sauvignon for 2 days, for Sauvignon Blanc it remained unchanged. The beginning of all other phases of vegetation shifted to earlier dates. The beginning of flowering shifted for Riesling Italian by 3 days, Sauvignon Blanc by 5 days and Cabernet Sauvignon by 3 days. The beginning of veraison shifted for Riesling Italian by 7 days, Sauvignon Blanc by 6 days and Cabernet Sauvignon by 5 days. The beginning of physiological maturity shifted for Riesling Italian by 12 days, Sauvignon Blanc by 21 days and Cabernet Sauvignon by 12 days. The duration of all phases of the growing season has a close positive correlation with the sum of active air temperatures (r = 0.700.91). The duration of the period from budbreak to flowering is in a close negative correlation with the average temperature (r = -0.71-0.80), in a close and average negative with the minimum temperature (r = -0,88-0.55). Veraison has a close negative correlation with the average and minimum air temperature (r = -0.74-0.71).
The results of study of winter hardiness of annual shoot tissues and generative buds of cherry varieties and hybrid forms of different genetic origin are presented in the article. The comparative study of winter hardiness of cherry varieties and hybrid forms was conducted in the natural conditions: in the conditions of action of damaging factors of mild, warm winters (winters 2018/2019 and 2019/2020) and in the conditions of action of damaging factors of severe winter (winter 2020/2021). The frequency of occurrence of wood, cambium and core freezing was estimated in the study of winter hardiness of cherry annual shoot tissues. It was determined that annual shoot tissues of cherry varieties and hybrids freeze slightly much more often at the unfavorable terms of severe cold winters. The core freezes more often, the cambium is much less common and the wood practically does not freeze. It was shown that varieties and hybrids obtained with the attraction of Maaka cherry have the best winter hardiness of annual shoot tissues. The best winter hardiness of all annual shoot tissues was shown by varieties Livenskaya and Novella and hybrid form 05-00 among all studied varieties and hybrid forms. The percentage of living generative buds, living rudimentary flowers in them, as well as the number of intact vascular bundles of generative buds were taken into account in study of winter hardiness of generative buds. It was found that the generative buds of cherry varieties and hybrid forms were slightly damaged in all three parameters taken into account in the conditions of mild, warm winters 2018/2019, 2019/2020. The generative buds of varieties obtained on the basis of the cherry sour gene pool are moderately hardy, and varieties and hybrid forms obtained with the the attraction of Maaka cherry are winter-hardy under the action of the damaging factors of a severe winter. The varieties Novella and ELS Surprise and hybrid form 05-00 showed the best winter hardiness of generative buds in all three parameters among all studied genotypes. Thus, the winter hardiness of most of the studied cherry sour varieties in the conditions of the Central region of Russia is medium, which makes it impossible to obtain stable high yields of this crop in the Russia Central region. It is possible to increase the winter hardiness of cherry sour varieties by involving hybrid forms derived from Maaka cherry in the synthetic breeding of this crop.
STUDY OF THE AUTOCHTONOUS DON GRAPE VARIETY KRASNOSTOP ZOLOTOVSKY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER DON
The article presents the results of a long-term study of the Don autochthonous grape variety Krasnostop Zolotovsky in comparison with the control variety Cabernet Sauvignon. The research was carried out in 2000-2019 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region), according to generally accepted methods in viticulture and National Standards. The varieties were studied in a covering grafted culture on the rootstock Kober 5 BB. It was found that both varieties have good following indicators: the percentage of burgeoning buds and fruitfulness shoots, fruitfulness coefficients. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety was inferior to the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety in terms of sugar content in berry juice throughout the entire study period. Value of this indicator was on the level of 24.1 g/100 cm3 (Krasnostop Zolotovsky) and 20.9 g/100 cm3 (Cabernet Sauvignon) in average. The conventional yield capacity per hectare was 6.8 tons (Krasnostop Zolotovsky) and 6.6 tons (Cabernet Sauvignon). The physico-chemical parameters of the wines were confirmed to National Standards, had a good stockpile of extractive, phenolic, stains substances, a harmonious combination of sugars and acids, which allowed to obtain high-quality wines. The content of phenolic substances in wine from the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety was 2634 mg/dm3 ; the content in Cabernet Sauvignon wine was 2354 mg/dm3 . Wine from the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety over the years of research received higher taste assessments, which averaged 8.8 points, and Cabernet Sauvignon wine was assessed in average on 8.7 points. According to the results of the study of agrobiological, technological, uvological and economically valuable properties, the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety is not inferior to the control variety Cabernet Sauvignon. Over the course of 20 years of study, it has established itself as consistently producing high quality wine materials.
The article presents the results of studies on the effect of pollinating varieties on bunch density and uvological indicators of the Crimean autochthonous grape variety Kefesia. The work was carried out in OOO "Kachinsky +" in 2020-2021. Planting year 2015, planting scheme 3×2, varieties were planted according to the scheme 2 rows of Kefesiya variety alternated with 1 row of pollinating variety (Moldova, Bastardo Magarachsky) in squares 1, 2 of 2,0 hectares in area. The total number of Kefesiya variety bushes is 982 pcs. Studies of uvological characteristics of the autochthonous variety Kefesia depending on pollinator variety showed that the bushes pollinated with the Moldova variety form larger bunches, more seeds are set, exceeding these figures compared to other variants of pollinators when cultivating the Kefesia variety. In all studied combinations of Kefesia variety, parthenocarpic berries are formed in bunches. When Kefesia variety is pollinated with pollen from the Moldova variety, the number of seeds in the bunch averaged 205.3 pieces, which is 45.2 % more in bunches formed under the influence of pollinator variety Bastardo Magarachsky, and by 76.5 % more than in bunches of Kefesia variety without pollination. The pollinator varieties Moldova and Bastardo Magarachsky influence the changes in the indicators average bunch weight, number of berries in the bunch, number of seeds in the bunch, weight of 100 berries. The Moldova variety demonstrates the greatest efficiency of pollination and is recommended as a pollinator for the Kefesia variety in the production plantations of the Republic of Crimea.
THE ASSESSMENT OF FROST RESISTANCE IN SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS OF CRIMEAN AUTOCHTHONOUS GRAPE VARIETIES
The creation of grape varieties o f a new generation analogues of the Crimean autochthons highly productive and of high quality, carrying genetic adaptability to environmental conditions, is relevant today. The main method for breeding grape Varieties of a new generation with genetically determined features of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is crossing of varieties of complex genetic structure between themselves and with forms of Vitis vinifera L. species belonging to different ecological and geographical groups, saturating crosses between hybrid forms with a complex of features corresponding to the breeding task. The objectives of the studies included the assessment of resistance to low temperatures of the Crimean autochthonous grape varieties and their hybrids; selection of the most frost-resistant genotypes obtained by crossing Crimean autochthonous grape varieties with complex interspecific hybrids on the basis of hybridological analysis. The objects of research were 15 local varieties of Crimea and 481 seedlings in 22 combinations of crossing of Crimean autochthonous varieties with complex interspecific varieties. As a result of hybrid analysis identified promising hybrid combinations from crossing Crimean autochthonous varieties with varieties of complex interspecific origin 'Aibatly' x 'Ifigenia' (Hh = 1, 9 %) and 'Kokur Chernyi' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (Hh = 2.4 %), as well as populations characterized by high breeding value 'Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357' (44.4 %), 'Kefesiya' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (23.5 %) and 'Kok Pandas' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (29.4%). A promising hybrid is Magarach No.8-08-8-4 ('Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357').