Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Optimization of vine cultivars assortment in accordance with the requirements of the time is one of the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The modern assortment of industrial viticulture must confirm to various market needs and presents the varieties with high level of productivity, quality, manufacturability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. The purpose of research is to study the physical-chemical and biochemical composition of grapes and wine from prospective grapes varieties of Serbian selection and their characteristics according to the main assessment indicators, to create the new quality wines. The results of study of new resistant varieties of Bachka, Petra, Petka, Panonia, Cosmopolita, Morava of Serbian breeding, cultivated under the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection are presented in the article. The largest harvest of grapes were obtained in the experience on the varieties of Cosmopolita and Petra. The wine from grapes Petra stands out among the studied samples of wine materials from studied grapes varieties in the total accumulation of aromatic substances 623,96 mg/dm3. The highest testing score was for experiental wine from the Serbian grapes of Bachka and a Cosmopolita. As the result of research, it was revealed that cultivars of Cosmopolita, Petra, Bachka and Panonia are promising for the Russian wine-making and grapevine-growing industry. These varieties give a high yield of good quality and they can be recommended for growing in the soil-climatic conditions Anapa-Taman zone. These grapes varieties also can be used as sources of useful economical-breeding traits of yields, wine quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, and that will expand the range of wine products and the boundaries of stable grapes production in the Krasnodar Region.
When assessing the state and development of the viticulture industry of the Russian Federation, it was noted the deficiency of early seedless grapes varieties table direction in the assortment. Currently, an increasing attention to seedless grapes, which is the most popular among consumers is noted in the world. The grapes seedlessness has a great economic value, especially for varieties whose harvest is intended for fresh consumption and preparation of dried products (kishmish). In addition, kishmish grapes varieties, intended for fresh consumption, are especially suitable for children and dietary nutrition. New seedless grapes varieties of all use and ripening periods should have an increased resistance to frost, drought, diseases and pests, to have high yield capacity of good quality, and also to have a wide plasticity that would ensure high productivity under the different soil and climate conditions. The breeders of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking obtained by purposeful selection of parent pairs, the most successful combinations of crossings, from which the valuable forms were selected with complex of economic and biological signs for further study. In this article, the characteristics of promising seedless table grapes varieties of early and middle ripening of AZOSV&W breeding are presented, and their biological features are described. Table kishmish grapes are introduced into production: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Romantica characterized by beautiful appearance of bunches and berries and pleasant taste qualities. These varieties are technological, according to their agrobiological indicators, and meet the modern requirements of industrial cultivation.
The new grapes varieties of should have ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of processes for bush caring, have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. At present, the special interest is manifested in varieties with group resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, diseases and pests that allow us to effectively cultivate their varieties in the own-root culture. This article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristic of the new table grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO when it is cultivated in the ecological conditions of Southern Dagestan. A new table variety of DSESVV breeding (hybrid form G-62) was obtained by crossing of grapes varieties of Agadai and Linyan Bely. One of the main advantages of the new grapes variety is a compact, beautiful bunch of medium-size and original star shape form. The berry is large, the skin of the berries is quite thick. The taste is simple and pleasant. The berries are hard and withstand the crushing load of 1726-1800 g, and when removed from the fruit-stem 400-417 g. The yield capacity of a new variety at a feeding area of 3.5 x 2.0 m is 7.4-8.5 kg/bush or 105.6-121.4 centner/hectar. The resistance of the new variety to fungal diseases and pests is average and it is tolerant to the own-root form of phylloxera. The yield of 20-year-old bushes in the own-root culture is more than 100 c/hectar, therefore a new grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO in the conditions of the South of Russia can be promising when cultivation of own-root culture. The selected hybrid form will transferred to the State Commission for Testing and Preservation of Breeding Achievements in 2017.
In the conditions of local and global climate change, the problem of optimizing the grape range is topical for the industry of Russian viticulture. The purpose of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of grape varieties of different ecogeographical origin under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia, the revealing of the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and industrial production. The work was carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory on the ampelographical collection (Ana-pa) in 2007-2015. As a research object, grape varieties of different groups were used according to their ecological and geographic origin, intraspecific and interspecies hybrids. In the process of research the varietal differences were established and grape varieties were distinguished for a combination of positive features for use in breeding and industrial production. On adaptivity to minimum air temperatures in abnormal weather conditions, wintering (-20 C), varieties of interspecies hybrids are identified. They have got the highest degree of discordance of buds after wintering 68 %, and the smallest proportion of blooming duds was in the varieties Convar occidentalis Negr. 55%. Convar orientalis Negr was the largest group of bunches. 293.1 g. The highest yield the grapes of intraspecific hybrids showed 8.22 kg / bush, the lowest yield (5.91 kg / bush) and the highest sugar content and glucoacidometric index were in Convar occidentalis Negr. According to the set of positive features, the grapes varieties of Barkhatny, Murvedr, Stepniak and Tarnau are promising for use in breeding and industrial production in the agroecological conditions of Southern Russia.
Methods of the breeding acceleration are aimed to obtaining the greatest number of seedlings and rapid entry into fruitage. Due to contamination by phylloxera the cultivation of own-rooted hybrid nursery grapes is difficult, a large percentage of seedlings is ruined and did not come into fruitage. This work is aimed at increasing in efficiency of the breeding process due to receiving of more hybrid seeds and conservation of genofund. This is achieved by more effective pollination of inflorescences and more hybrid seeds while reducing the volume of castration, increase in germination of seeds and vitality of seedlings, transfer of hybrid nursery in inoculated culture in the early stages of development of seedlings, with following selection and study of elite seedlings already in the nursery grafted hybrid that eliminates the premature death of the hybrid seedlings from phylloxera. To increase in the yield of hybrid seeds it is recommended the treatment of maternal inflorescences forms by physiological active substances as Krezatsin and Sweet 3-5 days before flowering. At the stage of sowing seeds soak hybrid seeds in the solution of growth regulators for 1 hour: Krezatsin, Mival, Zircon and Emistim. At the stage of seedlings growing in the first year it is recommended three treatments of seedlings with a solution of growth regulators: Nikfan, Bigus, Larixin and Zircon. The application of growth regulators allows us to transfer the seedlings by the method of green grafting on rootstock bushes in the first or second year of life, that saves them from premature ruin from phylloxera and accelerates the timing of the fruiting stage of 2 times. As a result, the efficiency of the breeding process increases due to earlier time of seedlings selection to the elite and reducing of seedlings loss from phylloxera of 2-10 times.