Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The analysis of the existing zoned assortment formulates the main tasks of breeding of table grape varieties: the need to create high-quality ultra-early and early varieties; the seedless varieties with a smart bunch and large berries, characterized by high keeping quality and suitability for long-term storage; the varieties with increased frost resistance and resistance to harmful organisms. The breeding of new varieties by hybridization is that by directed, scientifically based selection of parent pairs for crossing in one hybrid organism it is possible to combine certain desirable features of parent pairs or their complex. It is possible, using the method of hybridization, to obtain the grape varieties with a new modified genotype, which was not previously in nature and culture. In the course of scientific work, the objects of research were the hybrid forms of table grapes, selected to the elite. Research work on the study of hybrid forms on the complex of economic-valuable breed-ing characteristics was carried out by field and laboratory methods on the ampelographic collection of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-making. Analyzing the agrobiological parameters of studied hybrid forms, it can be concluded that the lowest fruiting coefficient is in the hybrid form of III-59-43 0,5, and the highest in III-59-13 form 1,2. The fruitfullness coefficient of all varieties and hybrid forms ranges from 0.7 to 1.8, with the lowest in the table grape form of III-62-59, and the highest in the III-59-43 form. The average yield per bush is maximum in the forms of III-62-10 and III-62-59. The fruitfulness of one shoot is the highest in forms of III-59-13, III-59-6, III-62-10. The results of berries biochemical Analysis of the studied hybrid grapes forms showed the highest concentration of sugar in the berries of III-59-43, III-59-6 and III-62-10 forms. The lowest acidity of the berries juice is in the hybrid form of III-59-13.
Powdery mildew a disease of the vine, the causative agent of which is the ascomycete Erysiphe necator. The pathogen causes the significant damage to industrial viticulture throughout the world. Growing of resistant grape varieties is the best way to reduce pesticide control of the disease and produce an environmentally friendly crop. Genotypes that are resistant to powdery mildew mainly belong to the North American and Asian grape species. Currently, the urgent task of the breeding and genetics of grapes is to search for donors of resistance and their involvement in the process of creating the new, highly resistant and high-quality varieties. To date, more than 10 major and minor loci of resistance to powdery mildew in the genome of grapes have been identified. Locus Ren3 was identified on chromosome 15 in the genotypes of the Regent and Villard Blanc grape varieties. DNA-markers suitable for gene detection were also found. We have tested two closely linked DNA markers (UDV116, GF15-28) on 11 genotypes of grapes of different origin. The DNA of Regent and Villard Blanc, in which the Ren3 gene was identified (positive controls), Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay varieties (negative controls), as well as 7 genotypes of grapes potential gene carriers, were included in the work. The work was carried out by PCR with the separation of reaction products by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. Target PCR products corresponding to the literature data are defined in the Regent and Villard Blanc grape genotypes, as well as in the genotypes of Donus, Dunavski Gymza and Storgosia genotypes.
The article deals with the issues of improving the asset accounting system in agricultural organizations. It is proved that the distinguishing of biological assets from fixed ones has well-established prerequisites. There is substantiated the necessity of identifying the essence and the wording of the concept characterizing this asset category. This should be done for proper accounting and economic analysis in agricultural organizations of the Russian Federation. There are presented a review of the different scientists views on the "biological assets" concept definition, the existing criteria for biological assets classification. The authors definition of the biological assets is proposed, the classification criteria system is expanded. The criterion recommended by the authors is a sign of the biological nature of the organisms. This means such features of life, which determine the life cycle, the interaction with the environment, organisms nutrition and reproduction special features. In particular, authors proved that organisms different in purpose and results of their use, in their ability for self-production, in life support costs, cannot be attributed to one group of assets. Differences in reproduction and abundance cause the differences in productivity, use value and, consequently, the nature of the book value change. It becomes obvious that the assets of different groups cannot be considered comparable from the point of view of analytic information. It becomes obvious that the assets of different groups cannot be considered comparable in terms of analytic information. This confirms the need for their classification by the proposed criterion. The need to isolate biological assets as such into a large category becomes even more obvious. The economic use of this category of assets has features characteristic of living organisms. Even more obvious is the need to distinguish biological assets as such into a separate large category because the characteristic features of living organisms determine their economic use. Besides, correct classification taking into account the biological essence of various organisms will make agricultural organizations to improve its analytical capabilities when evaluating the efficiency of various types of biological assets reproduction.
The industrial sweet cherry assortment is the most extensive compared to other stone fruit crops cultivated in the Krasnodar Territory. The problems of new technological varieties creating with high adaptive potential and quality of fruits are becoming particularly relevant now. One of the main problems of breeding is the evaluation of the initial material and the selection of the best parental forms sources and donors of economically valuable traits for use in crossing. This is inextricably linked with the creation and release of a qualitatively new initial material based on the results of scientific research. Studies were conducted under the conditions of the Prikuban gardening zone (Krasnodar). Objects of study sweet cher-ry varieties of ecological and geographical origin, as well as new varieties and hybrids of NCFSCHVW breeding. Scientific studies are made on the basis of generally accepted methods. The article assesses the hybrid sweet cherry posterity according to the nature of the inheritance of economically valuable traits, and proves the possibility of breeding for a high level of individual traits, based on the possibility of combining them in a single organism. The selected forms of sweet cherry of various ripening periods, with high yield capacity, combining large and above-average fruit size with high quality, are selected. Their brief characteristics is given. The patterns of inheritance of valuable traits are revealed, the use of which will allow to increase in the effectiveness in creating the new varieties. To obtain the highly productive varieties of sweet cherry that are resistant to the main stressors, with fruits of high tasty and commodity qualities, it is recommended to involve in the breeding of new promising varieties of Alaya, Mak, Volshebnitsa, Krupnoplodnaya, Vasilisa, Talisman, Donetskiy Ugoliok, Anons, as well as the varieties steadily fruitful and well prov-en in the conditions of the Krasnodar Terri-tory Francis, Kavkazskaya, Franzuskaya Chiornaya and others.
The effects of climate change and their impact on agriculture, including viticulture, have became an actual problem. Typical for Russian viticulture are low-temperature stresses in a winter, excessively high temperatures and an acute deficit of precipitation in summer. The studies were carried out on the Anapa (Anapa) and the Don (Novocherkassk) ampelographic collections, 350 km apart. In the Anapa region, a change in air temperature is accompanied by a change in the beginning of the grape vegetation phases at a later date. In the varieties of the Western European ecological-geographical group, there was a reduction in the period from bud break up to the beginning of flowering: in technical varieties for 9 days, and in the table varieties for 2 days. The period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of berries was shorten for 3 days for technical varieties and for 6 days for table ones. A similar trend is for technical varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group. A tendency to reduce the period from bud break to the beginning of grape ripening for a period of 5 to 26 days has been found for varieties of Western European and Eastern groups as well as for group of the Black Sea coast. In the Don area, the beginning of bud blooming has not changed in only 2 varieties (Muscadel, Plavai), in other varieties it occurs 1-4 days earlier. The beginning of flowering did not change for Galan variety, but for Aligote variety it became 2 days later, in all other studied varieties this process began earlier up to 7 days. The duration of the period from the beginning of bud blooming to flowering in 3 varieties did not change, in 6 varieties increased in 1-3 days, for the other 14 varieties decreased in 1-5 days.