Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The need to increase the production of resistant to phylloxera high-quality varieties for ensuring the increasing of profitability of vine and winemaking industry is growing now. The results of work of breeding department of the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking for improvement of grapes assortment, creating forms steady against a root phylloxera are presented in the article. Degree of stability of the European grapes varieties to a phylloxera in the Anapa region of Krasnodar Region was researched. On a provocative background 300 varieties most extended in the viticulture areas of our country are tested. The varieties of the Black Sea area show the most resistance to phylloxera under these conditions. From the assortment of grapes varieties the Fillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete was allocated who was almost completely steady against a root form of a phylloxera. This variety was served as a parental form of new perspective grapes varieties. The conducted research allowed to allocate from hybrid fund of Anapa Experimental Station the perspective hybrid forms which except the resistance to phylloxera possess the high frost resistance, the long period of planting productivity, the high duality of fruits. The bushes of the allocated grapes hybrids are characterized by the strong growth and good ripening of shoots (70-75%). Average productivity of grapes orchards is 130-140 c/hectare. During research the new hybrid forms consistently were giving a quality harvest and possess a good sugar accumulate. The specified grapes hybrid forms are characterized by high quality of received wine material with an average tasting assessment of 7,8-7,9 points. These forms can be recommended for transfer to the State varieties testing of the Russian Federation with their further reproduction and distribution to all viticulture regions of Russia.
The ability of certain species of plants to take from the soil and to accumulate the microelements, especially of ions of heavy metals, in the various parts has the great importance for cleaning of the land plots polluted by heavy metals, as result of active use of pesticides and agrichemicals. The Paulowniya tomentosa can have value for these purposes. The purpose of research is to estimate the economic and biological potential of Pavlovniya as the bioindicator of degree of soils contamination in the areas of its growing. The analysis of microelements content in the different parts of aulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Stend.) are conducted for assssment of its economic and biological potential. It is established that Paulownia assists to concentrate in the wood the significant quantities of ions of heavy and rareearth metals Sr, Mn, Ba, Cs etc. The Paulownia in the different periods of vegetation accumulates the different number of microelements. Fresh juicy shoots, leaves and flowers of plant contain the high quantity of iron, especially in the first half of plant's vegetation. The content of zinc is also high in the summer, but in the end of vegetation its quantity falls sharply. The accumulation of these elements in the plant depends from their soil content and biological access. The results of the conducted research testify that the Paulowniya tomentosa can be used as the biological indicator of degree of soil contamination in the places of its growing. Search of the plants capable to participate in a fitoremediation of lands is the one of the perspective directions of modern research in ecology. These research have the search character and testify about need of more detailed studying of potential opportunities of a pavlovniya tomentosa, first of all from the economic point of view.
Cultivation of popular classical wine grapes cultivars clones adapted to local growing conditions makes the possibility to obtain the traditionally high quality harvest at a lower cost of production. Approximately 60 % of the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are located in the Temryuk area, thus, the conducting of the mass clonal breeding on grapes cultivars in this agricultural region is of particular importance. The highly productive protoclones of cultivar Caberne Sauvignon were allocated in the industrial vineyards using the clonal breeding and DNA-analysis. In this paper we present the results of study of CHK1-10 clone. In average it significantly superior to the original variety control bushes at 73 % by yield, at 15 % on buds safety after overwintering, as well as other traits. The evaluation of vegetative progeny of clones on the clon-test sector also shows the good results. The bushes are aligned by vigor, they characterized by weak fungal diseases, the high yield capacity combined with good wine quality. Currently, along with the ampelographic and biochemical study, DNA analysis became the basis for a reliable identification and for study of grapes genetic polymorphism. Comparative microsatellite analysis of DNA of protoklon plants and typical vines of Cabernet Sauvignon reveals the difference in the sample 1-10. It is planned to transfer of this clone to State variety testing. The combined use of traditional breeding approaches and molecular analysis methods allows to expect the greater efficiency in the identification of grapes clones.
Molecular and genetic methods of analysis of genetic polymorphism are highly promising for the evaluation of the diversity of natural populations of rare plant species, including Pancratium maritimum. The works in this direction allow to establish the state of species on the genetic level and to identify the processes of depletion of the gene pool, due to the reduction of the number of species observed in the last decade. The ISSR-markers (inter simple sequence repeat) are widely distributed in the scientific field. The direction of the present study is the selection of effective ISSR markers for genotyping samples Pancratium maritimum cultured in vitro. Pancratium maritimum is a species in a Red book. In the Russia it is only in the Krasnodar Region. Based on the goal of the work the selection of ISSR-markers was carried out to obtain reproducible PCR-fragments. The subsequent determination of the most polymorphic markers from the number selected was conducted further. In the course of the study ISSR-markers UBC818, UBC864, UBC813, UBC825, UBC880, UBC811, UBC827 were tested on 9 samples of Pancratium maritimum. UBC818 and UBC864 markers that showed the clear easily interpretable PCR products were selected. A high level of polymorphism was revealed for marker UBC818 on these samples of Pancratium maritimum. By this marker for used samples of Pancratium maritimum 3 unique fragments were revealed. Selected markers will be further used to estimate the genetic polymorphism of Pancratium maritimum growing on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as to analyze the stability of the genotype in a long-term culture in vitro.
The receiving of the big steady apple-tree harvest at the fruit orchards with a high agritechnology and with a strict varieties selection require the correct placement of varieties in a garden area. The careful selection of varieties and their correct placement in the industrial gardens improves the work organization in a garden and promotes of receiving the big harvest of apples. For each main apple variety in the garden it is necessary to select two pollinators. Two pollinators are necessary to guarantee the cross-pollination in the occasion of the one of two pollinators has the periodicity of fructification. The purpose of this work is selection for an apple-tree of the most effective couples: "pollinated variety variety pollinator" under the conditions of Stavropol Region. In a course of conducted research the terms of blossoming, the compatibility, early fruiting, the productivity and other traits of varieties were considered. The work was carried out using of techniques of fruit varieties study. The combinations of "pollinated variety a pollinator" were formed on the basis of comparison of terms of blossoming and taking into account the genetic compatibility of varieties. The most varieties in the experience have the highest point of blossoming (5,0 points), the minimum point of blossoming have Kitayka No. 3 and Kitayka Malinovaya (1,0 point). During research of 2011-2013 the apple-tree varieties with restrained growth are allocated; previously the apple-tree varieties lacking in prospect for pollination and perspective for these purposes are defined. In 2013 the Gertrude -64-6 apple-tree with productivity 13,1 kg/tree is allocated. Taking into account the average weight of a fruit the apple-trees named Krasnovishnevoye 2-68-10-12 and Chils Krimson -63-7-9 (116,6 g and 107,2 g) were allocated among varieties-pollinators.