Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The central part of Abkhazia is recognized as one of the regions where the cultural grapevine originates. Famous varieties that have created the fame of local wines as well as the less-studied genotypes and wild-growing forms grow here. The study of the local gene pool of grapes at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. As a part of the study of the Abkhazia grapes, we are carrying out DNA profiling of local cultivars. The purpose of this work is to study the genotype of the variety Azhshkuakua (Azhizhkvakva) variety. The Azhshkuakua plants growing in the collection of the agricultural company "Wines and Waters of Abkhazia", corresponding to the varietal description was used in the work. DNA was extracted from the apical part of young shoots of the cultivar`s plants by the method based on the use of CTAB. Genotyping was performed using SSR markers recommended for identification of grape varieties: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. The amplified PCR reaction products were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, followed by sizing using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of the control (reference) genotype with a known allelic composition (Pinot noir). Analysis of the obtained DNA profile of Azhizhkvakva in the international database of DNA-fingerprint of grape varieties revealed its correspondence to the profile of the Tsitska cultivar, which is considered an indigenous variety of Georgia. The genotypes of these cultivars can be considered synonymous, since they have almost identical morphological features. According to the literature and molecular genetic data, confirmed the high degree of genetic similarity of varieties, it can be assumed that these cultivars are clonal variations of the same genotype.
Viticulture is promising in the areas of the North Caucasus Region, however, the assortment of zones does not always meet to modern requirements: environmental friendliness, low energy intensity of production combined with high quality of crop. Currently, the variety in viticulture has become one of the main means in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the productivity of plantations. In this regard, the selection of grapes for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, along with high productivity and quality are especially relevant. Increasing in seed germination is a direction in breeding that requires special attention. The breeding process takes a long time, which is unacceptable in conditions of intensification of agricultural production. Due to the peculiarities of grape ontogenesis and low seed germination, the transfer of seedlings for competitive variety testing is possible no earlier than 8-10 years after sowing seeds. In our work, a simple and effective way to increase in the yield of seedlings by pre-stratification soaking is defined. In the experiment, the various concentrations of gibberellic acid were used. The minimum concentration of gibberellic acid of 0,01 % ensured an almost 100 % yield of seedlings. An increase in acid concentration up to 0,04 % stimulated the seedlings yield in comparison with the control variant, however, an excessive increase in concentration has an inhibitory effect. The composition of the substrate for sowing hybrid grape seeds in flowerpots was developed and tested, which provides high growth and development of plants in the 1 and 2 years of life. In general, the soaking of seeds and the correct selection of the substrate composition described in this work can reduce the breeding process by 3-4 years and allow us to transfer the seedlings earlier to the State variety testing.
The most important technique of agricultural technology to increase the productivity and quality of grapes is pruning of bushes, the length of which depends on the most productive zone of shoots. To determine the zone of the greatest production of the shoot, the embryonic fruitfulness of the buds is estimated, depending on the biological characteristics of the grape varieties and agroecological factors of the location, both natural (weather and climatic, soil and spatial conditions) and anthropogenic (management system, pruning, fertilizer use, etc.). In 2018, we studied the special aspects of inflorescences formation and differentiation of new table grapes hybrid forms of E.S. Gusev breeding (Volgograd) under the arid and hot conditions of the Volgograd. Territory in this work research results are presented of the embryonic fruitfulness of the new table grapes hybrid forms of Ispolin, Courage, Hamlet, Valencia, Artek, Timothy in the Krasnodar Region. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone, subzone 4. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of buds under winter were carried out during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grapes hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness were in the grape hybrids of Hamlet, Artek and Timothy under the conditions of temperature stress, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in the zone 6-8 wintering buds.
This article is devoted to the problem that is acute all over the world the conservation of plant biodiversity. Classical methods no longer cope with this task. The application of achievements of biotechnology, in addition to traditional methods of ex situ and in situ conservation biodiversity, enables the sustainable management of genetic resources. Keeping the plants in a slow-growing collection is a successful and widely used method of plants maintenance in gene banks. Most researchers have noted that the way of plant reaction on techniques and methods of clonal micropropagation depends on a variety, so there are no unique algorithm f or creating a collection. A special approach is needed for every variety or a group of varieties. The paper presents research materials on the development of minutes for creating an in vitro slow growing collection for storing the Fioletovy Ranniy grapevine variety. The studies analyzed the effects of various components of nutrient medium on the rate of growth processes, as well as the place of explant extraction for further cultivation. All experiments were performed in the laboratory of biotechnology of the All-Russian Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko according to the methods generally accepted in biotechnology. As a result of studies, the improvement of the survival rate of meristems, their growth characteristics, and shoot formation was proved due to complex use of apical meristems and preparation of Ribavirin, Melafen, and the antibiotic of Cefotaxime. The growth processes of plants was slowed down when sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol were applied to the nutrient medium. Clarification of the parameters of use of studied preparations allowed to increase in the duration of vine plants storage up to 10-12 months without replanting, that contributes to the preservation of genetic purity and reduces the cost of future maintaining the collection.
The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of phylloxer-resistant rootstocks Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB and Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) on the agrobiological and uvological parameters of clones of the Semillon technical grape variety in the Alushta Valley (Alushta branch of JSC PJSC Massandra). For the research, the following plots were taken: plot No. 92, with an area of 1.12 ha, where the Semillon 173 grape clone bushes grow, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5 BB rootstock (2008 planting year, scheme 3m ×1.0 m) and plot No. 91, with an area of 0.72 ha, where the Semillon 299 clone plants are cultivated, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) rootstock 2008 planting year, scheme 3.0 m × 1.0 m) on both plots the bush management system is a vertical three wire trellis, forming AZOS-1, the height of the stem is 1.3 m. The study of uvological and agrobiological indicators of Semillon clones on various rootstocks showed that plants in the Semillon 299 variety double combination (CO4 rootstock) had a high level of fruiting coefficient (0.92), rather large bunches (277.0 g), the average yield from the bush was 3.6 kg/bush, high shoot productivity by the raw mass of the bunch 254.9 g/shoot, the percentage of pulp and juice yield 76.91 Tasting evaluation of wine material (7.71 score) allows you to recommend a clone for the production of table wines.