Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The share of raisin grapes in the total grape production in the country is very small. Of the 106 table grape varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are raisin (Kishmish Luchisty, Korinka Russkaya, Yuzhnobarazhny, Yaltinskiy Bessemianny). These varieties are very popular, because their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article describes the seedless grape varieties of early and middle ripening period studied in the Anapa ampelographic collection: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapy, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Kishmish Luchisty, Shayan, Kishmish Moldavsky and Mechta. The results of phenological, agrobiological and economic observations are presented. According to phenological observations, the Lotos variety belongs to the group of early ones, to the group of early-medium ones Kishmish Luchisty and Shayan, the others to the group of medium ones. According to the agrobiological data, it was shown that the productivity of all the studied grape varieties is rather high. The highest coefficient of fruiting is observed in the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy, Mechta. In terms of the average mass of the bunch, the Kishmish Moldavsky (530 g), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (500 g), Zhemchug Anapy (465 g) and Shayan (435 g) are stood out. The high content of sugars distinguished the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Moldavsky. The highest tasting marks were given to the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy. The results can be used to improve the assortment of grapes on the Black Sea coast, and for selection work on the development of new varieties. By their agrobiological indicators, these varieties are technological and meet modern requirements for industrial cultivation.
In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD Tsentralnoye (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.
In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD Tsentralnoye (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.
Under the condition of the annual stress impact, a lot of zoned plum domestic varieties decreased in adaptive and productive potential, which makes it necessary to optimize the assortment, especially with new varieties of domestic breeding. The basis of obtaining a new variety is the original hybrid material, the evaluation of which allows you to select elite forms and varieties with a set of economically valuable traits. The purpose of these studies was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the domestic plum gene pool and the selection of selected forms with high adaptability, productivity and fruit quality for breeding use and expansion of promising varieties group. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the source material plum domestic, obtained from the aimed crosses of different parent forms. It has been established that the majority of the studied hybrid forms have an average growth vigor, late maturation, high resistance to the main diseases. Based on the analysis of phonological data and the results of a comprehensive assessment of selected hybrids, two selective forms of 17-2-64 and 17-3-79 were revealed, which characterized by fast fruiting (the beginning of fruiting for 5 years), growth restraint (within 3.7-3.8 m on own roots and without pruning), resistant to clasterossporium (0.5 points), yield capacity of 6.1 and 7.8 t / ha with a planting scheme of 5x3 m in the second year of fruiting. The selected hybrid forms of plum domestic, possessing he economically valuable and breeding significant traits are of interest for further breeding work and are the basis for replenishing the assortment of fruit crops with plum varieties of domestic breeding.
Molecular markers make it possible to identify varieties, study their origin, and identify synonyms, homonyms, and impurities in the collections. DNA passports of grape varieties present the genotype profiles for a set of microsatellite (SSR) loci. SSR markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the minimum basic set in the work on DNA-passportization of grape varieties. Using this indicated set of SSR markers, we genotyped the varieties of Barkhatny, Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS, Krasnostop Anapskiy and Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete grapes from the Anapa Zonal Station of Viticulture and Winemaking and also of the Muscat Hamburg variety included in the study as one of the parental forms of Barkhatny and Dostoyny varieties. The main method, which was used in the work, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the separation of reaction products on an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer. DNA of the Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon reference varieties was used as a control to refine the sizes of identified alleles. DNA was isolated by the CTAB method from the apical leaves of young shoots. Genotype analysis was carried out on DNA from a mixture of plant material of 3-5 typical plants for each variety. The genotypes of the studied varieties showed the different combinations of alleles on the studied microsatellite loci. As a result of DNA profiles analysis, we revealed that the Dostoyny grape variety has a different origin, namely the Muscat Hamburg is not its parent form, at the same time it was confirmed that the other parent form is Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete. The obtained DNA profiles of varieties can be used to identify them, verify the variety pure of uterine plantation and planting material, and protect the author's rights.