Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Garden strawberry is the earliest fruiting crop in southern Russia, and is very popular among consumers. Today, one of the important tasks of modern berry growing in Russia is to improve the assortment and increase in its adaptability based on an increase in the share of local selection varieties. Of relevance to the Southern zone of fruit growing is the task of creating the intensive-type neutral-day varieties that combine comprehensive resistance to drought and high temperatures, diseases and vermins, stable high yield, good taste and transportability. Of particular importance and relevance in the zone of intense tension of hydrothermal factors is the identification from the available genetic diversity of strawberry, the varieties and forms with increased drought tolerance. In this direction, the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station, VIR Branch carries out this research. The result of these works was a new strawberry variety of fruiting neutral day type Pelagia. The variety was created in 2007-2011 by the method of intraspecific intersortal hybridization in combination with multi-stage selection from the hybrid family of Elizaveta 2 and Irma. The variety is zoned in 2020. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of economically valuable traits of this variety. It was found that it surpasses the variety landed in region of Elizaveta 2 on large-fruited (average berry weight of 15.3 g, control 12.7 g), quality of marketable products, and productivity: 850.3 g / bush and 612.8 g / bush (control). According to the level of drought tolerance, this variety is at the level of the parent form Elizaveta 2. Study have confirmed that the Elizaveta 2 ariety is a source of high productivity and drought tolerance.
DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.
As a result of many years study of grape technical hybrid forms the several hybrids were selected in elite. On the basis of phenological observations and agrobiological, morphological and chemical analyses, , it is concluded that these forms are recommended for the preparation of in dry and dessert wine. It was found that the content of phenolic substances in the berries is much higher in the studied elite hybrid forms than that in the control varieties. There is the lowest content of nitrogenous substances, which indicates a low probability of the so-called strangulation of future wines in these forms. The studied elite wine hybrids have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.0-1.2, the fertility coefficient 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush 6.0 kg. The elite hybrid forms studied in 2019 had good aging growth rates (of up to 69 %). They are much superior t o the mechanical composition of the bunches of control varieties: of the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin with seeds. This suggests that these elite hybrid forms can be the title of varieties, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing. The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of viticulture and winemaking are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new high-quality and productive technical varieties adapted to local conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera, noted that the requirements for wine grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines for which they can be used.
The purpose of the research is to study the introduced technical grapevine varieties of various ecological and geographical origin; to identify the adaptive, economic and technological potential of the samples in order to select genotypes with improved economically significant properties under the condition of the Lower Don Region. The study of the varieties was carried out in 2017-2019 at the Ya.I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection (Novocherkassk), according to generally accepted methods and State Standards in viticulture. Based on the results of research and observations, the data of phenological phases, economic and valuable indicators of varieties (yield, average mass of the bunch, crop conditions, etc.) are obtained, as well as wine tasting evaluations. According to the number of days (from budding to full maturity of berries), the varieties were ripening by maturation period: from early-middle to late period. Very high yield was in 7 varieties: Adreuli Shavi, Norok, Megrabuir, Nakutvneuli, Merlot, Tashkentskiy, Goruli Mtsvane. The average bunch weight of the studied varieties varied from 69 g (Mudjuretuli) to 502 g (Adreuli Shavi). It is noted a very high sugar content of berry juice (more than 23 g/100 cm3) in 8 varieties Barhatniy, Merlot, Vlesh, Amlahu, Riesling Muscatniy, Mudjuretuli, Rubinoviy Magaracha, Dimatskun. Dry table wines from the following varieties received the high tasting ratings (a passing score of 8.2): Riesling Rhenskiy (8.8 points), Rubinoviy Magaracha, Grubela, Cabernet Sauvignon (8.7 points). Eleven samples were rated at 8.6 points. Wines from the Mudjuretuli, Amlahu, Megrabuir, VIR-1 received 8.5 points. A liqueur wine made from the Barhatniy grape variety received 8.7 points. The complex agrobiological and economically valuable characteristics under the conditions of the Lower Don Region we pointed out the varieties: Rubinoviy Magaracha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dimackun, Goruli Mtsvane, Nakutvneuli, Norok, Riesling Muscatniy, Merlot, Grdzelmtebana, Megrabuir, Grubella and Tashkenskiy.
The results of an assessment of 24 varieties of cherry ordinary (Cerasus vulgaris L.), which is 44% of the genetic collection of North-Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making are presented in this paper. The assessment was carried out according to the main biological characteristics laying of fruit buds, flowering intensity, flower reduction, productivity, fruit bearing coefficient, which determine the industrial and breeding value of the variety. The dates are determined of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of the fruit tree of ordinary cherry and their duration in the South of Russia. In addition, the possible deviations in the timing of the phenophases processes are described, depending on weather and climatic factors, and their influence on the yield of cherry varieties. The biological productivity assessment showed a high level (4.0-5.0 points) for the laying of fruit buds, which accordingly determined good flowering (4.0-5.0 points). It has been established that a large reduction of flowers in cherry varieties Vstrecha, Kelleris, Orotak, Fanal, Feya is 84-95 %, the yield was 2.5-13.0 kg per tree. With less falling of unfertilized flowers in the amount of 67.0-70.0 % in varieties Azlaniya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Orlitsa 6, Shokoladnitsa, the productivity increased up to 22.0- 28.0 kg per tree. A direct correlation between the dependence (R2 = 0.5928) of the ratio of reduced flowers number and trees productivity was revealed. The calculation of the fruiting coefficient has showed a large variation of this indicator from 7 to 70 % in the studied varieties of ordinary cherry. The maximum efficiency of the realization of the generative potential (63-70 %) has cherry varieties of Azlania, Dyuk Ivanovna, Krupnoplodnaya. Mathematical processing of the data showed an extensive variability of the biological cherry characteristics 10-51 %, as indicated by the coefficient of variation.