Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Common plum is one of the important fruit crops. On the basis of the gene pool of varieties and hybrids of the Krymsk EBS � branch of FRC ARIPGR named after N.I. Vavilov, a new promising variety of common plum was created � Zhemchuzhina Juga, which meets the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region for fruit plantations. The article shows the results of a comprehensive assessment of a new early variety of common plum, obtained from targeted inter-varietal crossing. The new variety has the following economically valuable indicators: early maturity � gives a stable yield for 3-4 years after planting; early fruit ripening � beginning-middle of the second decade of July; large-fruitedness � the average weight of the fruit is from 61.0 g and above, the fruits are one-dimensional; average yield capacity � 30.2 q/ha; resistant to fungal diseases (moniliosis less than 1 point, clasterosporiasis � 0 points); drought resistance � medium; variety of universal purpose with high quality of fresh fruits (4.7 points) and processed products (juice, compote, dried fruits over 4.5 points); high biochemical indicators of fruits (dry matter � 17.7%, sugar � 10.1%, acidity - 0.74%). The tree of Zhemchuzhina Juga variety is medium-sized from 1.70 m to 2.5 m, of medium density with straight shoots. The fruits are oblong in shape with a delicate skin, the main color is yellow, the integument is burgundy, solid, the flesh is yellow, tender, the character of the taste is sweet. The stone is large � 1.3 g, and flattened. The variety is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation.

Annotation

Grape culture in the Krasnodar region has been widespread since ancient times. However, despite this, the issues of studying and replenishing the gene pool of grapes with wild-growing forms remain open and relevant. In this article, the authors show the results of a study of wild grapes growing on the territory of the �Safari Park� Nature Park and in the Tonkiy Cape area of the Krasnodar region. As a result of the expedition research, seven populations of wild grapes were found with some similarities and differences in morphological and biological characteristics. A brief description of the ecological-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of growing wild forms of grapes of the studied territory is given. The studied forms are dioecious plants, as there are samples with both male and female flower types. Material was selected for further study from the found forms of grapes. The variability of some signs was found, for example: the degree of openness of the tops of young shoots and their pubescence, the saturation of the color of the tops of young shoots and young leaves, the type and degree of pubescence of the formed leaves, the shape and degree of corrugation of the leaves, the type of flower, the depth of leaf clippings, etc. At the time of sampling for further study, the studied wild forms of grapes had no visually visible damage by the main pests and diseases.

Annotation

The article presents genotyping results of 16 samples with indetermined status from the Ampelographic Collection �Magarach� by 9 nuclear microsatellite markers (ssrVVMD5, ssrVVMD7, ssrVVMD25, ssrVVMD27, ssrVVMD28, ssrVVMD32, ssrVrZAG62, ssrVrZAG79, ssrVVS2). Extraction of genomic DNA was carried out using a CTAB buffer from an average sample of young leaves or green cambial tissue of shoots. The purity and amount of DNA were assessed spectrophotometrically using a �Biophotometer plus� instrument. The polymerase chain reaction was performed on a �T100 Thermal Cycler� (BioRad). The PCR mixture consisted of a 2.5x reaction mixture and primers with fluorescent labels FAM, TAMRA, and R6G produced by �OOO Sintol�. The primers were combined into multiplexes in accordance with the size of the resulting amplicons and the annealing temperature. Fragment analysis of PCR products was performed on an ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer using Gene Mapper software. The varieties were identified by comparing the obtained DNA-profiles with the Vitis International Variety Catalog (VIVC) database. According to the results of genotyping, samples with indeterminate status are identified as varieties: Asyl Kara, Vasarga chernaya, Galbena de Odobeshti, Genusa Tsibil, Grec Rouge, Cruciulita, Marash Cherven, Muscat fleur d�oranger, Muscat Hamburg, Mtsvane Kakhuri, Negru Virtos, Ozirovka, Plavaie, Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Tsolikouri. Deviations in the obtained DNA-profiles from the data of VIVC database by 1-2 alleles were revealed for 8 studied samples, which, presumably, can be explained by population variability, and in some cases by somatic mutations. This study demonstrates the result of molecular-genetic approaches to identify grape varieties.

Annotation

One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.

Annotation

Within the framework of the joint program of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the Stavropol experimental station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC�, for the breeding of apple tree rootstocks, hybrids of apple-tree rootstocks of the ST series were assessed in terms of their adaptability to the conditions of the summer vegetation period in the central subzone of the Prikuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar city). The resistance of apple rootstocks to the stresses was determined by the water content and water-holding capacity of the leaves, which characterize the ability of plants to maintain water homeostasis during stress. In the nursery of offspring rootstocks, the drought resistance of apple tree rootstocks was determined by the laboratory-field method during the period of the greatest intensity of the water regime of plants. The zoned rootstock MM-106 was used as a control. The leaves of rootstocks CT 20-2 and CT 18-2 retained water better, in which the water loss for 2 hours of exposure was 28.3 and 30.3 % compared to 34.7 % for the control rootstock MM-106. The high water-holding capacity of the ST 20-2 rootstock was previously noted in the dry August 2020 � water loss in 4 hours was 31.5 % compared to 53.0 % for rootstock MM-106. The most productive were trees of the Prikubanskoye variety on rootstocks SK 2U, ST 20-4, 106-3, ST 13-3. The best specific productivity for five years of fruiting was in trees on rootstocks SK 2U, SK 5 and ST 13-3 hybrid (5.28; 4.74 and 4.22 kg/m2 ). Selected and recommended f or participation in breeding programs as a source of drought resistance rootstock ST 20-2 (MM-106 x M 9) and as a source of tree productivity in the garden, rootstock ST 13-3 (rootstock 58-250 x free pollination).