Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the article are presented the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristics of a new table grape variety with the working Name Pamyati Peytel (G-7-26-258), in the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. The hybrid form G-7-26-258 obtained by crossing the varieties Nimrang x Agadai, belongs to the group of varieties of the middle-late ripening period. The duration of the growing season is 140 days with the sum of active temperatures 2980 º�. Bushes of great growth, annual shoots ripen by 90-95 %. The cluuster is large, cylindrical, of medium density and dense. The berry is large, flattened, slightly lobated, light yellowish. The skin is of medium strength. The pulp is dense, thick-walled. The taste is harmonious, pleasant, refreshing. The seeds in the berry are two or four, more often one or three. The yield is 13-15 kg per bush. The sugar content of the juice is 161 g/dm3 , the titratable acidity is 5.9 g/dm3 . The transportability is high. Resistance to fungal diseases and pests in comparison with other tablezoned varieties is high. The variety shows tolerance to the root phylloxera, reaching a yield of more than 10 kg per bush in its own rooted culture at the age of more than 20 years against the background of overall phylloxera infestation. Winter hardiness is high, and frost resistance is sufficient for the open-earth zone of the coastal areas of the Republic of Daghestan � in 2012 at -17.8 º� the death of eyes was 33.2 %. The yield of the hybrid form of grapes G-7-26-258 is recommended for fresh consumption, export and storage. The introduction of the variety into production will contribute to the expansion of the assortment and conveyor of the Republic of Daghestan table grapes.

Annotation

The modern market requires changing the assortment of raspberries to varieties that are more resistant to stress factors, high-yielding with high-quality berries. Breeding work in this regard is carried out mainly on materials from field gene banks, doublet in vitro and cryogenic collections. The problem of adaptation of test-tube plants during they transfer to natural environmental conditions is of interest. From the in vitro collection of VIR (St. Petersburg), the basic collection of the branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR was transferred the rooted micro-plants of 15 raspberry varieties in order to study their viability in the field, estimation of the complex of economically valuable traits, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors characteristic of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. In this report is described the characteristics of two-year-old ex vitro raspberry plants. All samples were studied according to a set of indicators. The state of the plants after overwintering was noted, the development phases were monitored, the yield and quality of the berries were taken into account, the drought and heat resistance, and the susceptibility to Septoria spot were evaluated. The methods of sample evaluation were generally accepted. Since the samples were transplanted into the natural environment, all test-tube plants have shown good survival rate. The condition of the raspberry samples after overwintering was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. From the returned spring frosts (-3�-6 ºC) on the leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Bulgarski Rubin, damage up to 2 points was noted. Flowering and fruiting took place in the optimal time for 4-5 balls. The most active growth of new shoots (more than 2 m) was distinguished by the varieties Mandarin, �ulgarski Rubin, Cumberlend. Leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Solnishko, Sputnitsa were affected by Septoria spot. In the field conditions of the environment ex vitro raspberry varieties adapt quite easily, grow and develop well, which allows to study their morpho-biological characteristics, identify valuable physiological and biochemical signs, and assess the degree of adaptability of samples to adverse factors in the Southern zone of Russia.

Annotation

According to the results of studying the parameters of the crown of Golden Delicious apple tree plantations on clone rootstocks M 9, MM-106 and K 104, it was found that the K 104 tree is in the middle position be-tween M 9 and MM-106 in terms of growth strength. The cross-sectional area of the eight-year-old tree trunk on it is 68,4 cm2 . In the control variant, this value is 63,4 and 73,6 cm2 , respectively. The height of the trees on K 104 is 0.2-0.3m higher than on M 9 and 0,2-0,3m less than on MM-106. The growth of trees depends on the functioning of the root system, the development of which, in turn, is due to a number of factors � the strength of the growth of rootstocks and varieties grafted on them, the planting scheme and growing conditions. The purpose of the research was to establish the mutual influence of tree aboveground part growth indicators on different rootstocks and the size of their root system. In our studies, it was determined that the most developed root system was in trees on K 104 rootstock, where the total number of roots was 417 pcs., which is 41 pcs. higher than in trees on MM-106 and 87 pcs. more than on M 9. The main mass of roots, 58.3% is located in the soil horizons of the 40-60 cm, while the root system of trees on a weak-growing rootstock M-9 is characterized by occurrence, mainly in the upper soil layers up to 40 cm. In the total mass of the roots of all rootstocks, the fraction up to 1 mm thick is 87.6-95.8 %. The relationship between the size of the underground and the above-ground parts of the trees, depending on the rootstocks, was established: the area of the root system was 1.3-1.7 times larger than the area of the crown.

Annotation

This paper presents an analysis of changes in climatic factors (average annual air temperature, average annual precipitation, data provided by the meteorological station of Krasnodar) for a long-term study period (1961-2020) in the conditions of the Prikuban fruit zone of the Central Subzone. Analysis of climatic factors showed that the average annual temperature has increased by + 1.2 ºC over the past 30 years, and the average precipitation has decreased by 96.1 mm from 1991-2000. 18 sweet cherry varieties of local and foreign origin and their response to changes in the abiotic parameters of the climate were studied. 5 types of stress factors, most of which occur in the spring period, as well as their role in the formation of the generative potential of productivity of sweet cherry varieties, in particular for fruit buds, flowers, as well as yield capacity have been studied. The influence of spring frosts (in March, April) in the phenophase �spreading of scales�, �extension of inflorescences�, �flowering� on the death of structural elements of fruiting is shown. With this type of stress, the death of generative structures can range from 0 to 100 %, depending on the temperature factor and the phenophase of development. The yield capacity also varied significantly, with a slight damage to fruit buds of 15-30 % it was 13-45 kg/tree; with a damage of 30-100 % it was the minimum 0.0-4.5 kg/tree. Under abiotic stress in winter in the �organic dormancy� phenophase the death of fruiting elements was significant �90-95 %, and the yield capacity was correspondingly low � 1.5-6.0 kg per tree. Local varieties of sweet cherries � Alaya, Volshebnitsa, Mak, as well as introduced Krupnoplodnaya, which had better resistance to various types of stress, were identified.

Annotation

The diversity of assortment and biological characteristics of grape varieties necessitates a careful approach to their selection in specific edaphoclimatic conditions. The significance of this approach has been relevant at all times, and in modern conditions it is significantly increasing, due to market relations dictating in which direction to develop, as well as an increase in the load of biotic environmental factors against the background of a decrease in the intensity of anthropogenic impact on the grape plant. Therefore, the optimization of the assortment when creating new vineyards remains the most important condition for ensuring high productivity, durability and economic efficiency of their cultivation. Grapes are a perennial crop that begins to fully fruiting in the fifth year after planting. In order to make sure the studied variety is suitable for specific conditions or not, at least another 5-6 years of observation are needed. Therefore, the experience of previous generations acquires special significance. History teaches not only not to repeat the mistakes of past years, but also which way to go forward. This article provides material devoted to the history of the formation of an assortment of industrial grapes in the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the past. In terms of the area of vineyards and the gross yield of grapes, the republic was on the third place in the Russian Federation after the Republic of Dagestan and the Krasnodar region. The edaphoclimatic conditions are suitable here for the cultivation of grapes. Therefore, the experience gained by more than one generation of winegrowers and scientists should be the property of the younger generation.