Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
One of the main methods of expansion of garden crops assortment is the introduction. For the Tambov Region the cornelian cherry is unconventional garden culture. The most significant economic and valuable trait of introduced plants is productivity. That is why the evaluation of potential productivity and features of interaction "genotype environment" is the most interesting direction of research when the crops and varieties are transferred in the new environmental conditions. A main purpose of this work is the evaluation of the morphological components of productivity of introduced cornelian cherry varieties under the changing environmental conditions of the Tambov Region. 10 introduced cornelian cherry varieties on the base of a cornelian cherry collection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named I.V. Michurin were studied for 2012-2013. Study of productivity components was carried out according to the program and technique of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops. As a result of the conducted research the high potential of productivity of the studied cornelian cherry varieties in the process of introduction to the Tambov region is established. The range of potential productivity from 1 m of the fructifying wood was from 817,4 to 3170,5 g. Maximum of potential productivity was established for Volgogradskiy Grushevidny. This variety is the most large-fruited also. The average percent of the formed fruits at the studied cornelian cherry varieties is 6,6 % for the period of research. The greatest percent of the formed fruits is noted at varieties of Nakhodka (11,8) and Volgogradskiy (11,0%), the average mass of a fruit is 2,56 g. For the studied period the average productivity of cornelian cherry varieties is 5,1 kg. from a tree. Nakhodka, Nikolka 2 and MOVIR varieties are showed the maximum of economic efficiency in the process of introduction in the Central Chernozyom Region.
In the article the characteristic of grapes and wine-making branch of the Russian Federation is given, its social and economic importance is given. The historical retrospective of wine growing development in Russia is submitted. The main tendencies of branch development are established. The reasons of its stagnation and functional disproportions in the industrial wine growing are caused by negative macroeconomic tendencies; violations of the economic principles of the expanded reproduction organization and insufficiency of state regulation forms are based. The attention is focused on actual problems of branch development for import substitution. The analysis of world production of grapes and wine is carried out and the share of Russia in its structure is defined. The assessment of realization of state programs of development of grapes and wine-making branch with basis of need of increase in their resource providing is given. The need of development of domestic nursery for ensuring of increasing volume of plantings laying by high-quality landing material according to program tasks, including for import substitution is well founded. The achievements of outstanding scientists in the areas of biology, physiology, ampelografiya and enologiya are considered. The essential changes for the last decade in the domestic wine-making connected with replacement of all processing equipment and transition to new technologies are noted. Need of technologies modification on development of high-quality types of wine-making production to decrease in costs for production and safety of food products is well founded. The priority directions of scientific ensuring of wine growing and winemaking development considering solutions of actual scientific and practical tasks are defined. The purposes, tasks and subject of scientific ensuring of development of grapes and wine-making branch are formulated. The predicted technological changes in the branch on the nearest prospect and critical technologies for ensuring of its competitiveness are established.
The task of the research was to examine and identify the vegetation characteristics of interspecific grapes hybrids in the year cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and production. Comparative study of interspecific grapes varieties showed that in the year cycle of ontogenesis in the agrical and ecological conditions of the South of Russia the dates of the beginning and duration of phases of their vegetation have a wide range - from early to late timing of maturation. It is shown that the duration of the vegetation period of grapes plants closely based on the biological characteristics of the environment and temperature conditions of growth. On the basis of conducted research the grapes varieties with the shortest growing season (from 140 to 150 days) and with the longer period of growing (from 156 to 168 days) are revealed. It is established that the duration of the growing season varies from year to year in dependence of their reaction on the changing weather conditions. The December, Avgustin and Pervenets of Magarach grapes have the most stable period of vegetation. These varieties are the most resistant to changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The Vostorg, the Original and the Zory of Anapa grapes have the greatest range of variation in the duration of the growing season, depending on weather conditions. These varieties are the most sensitive to the changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The closest correlation of the growing season duration of the most studied grapes varieties is established from the average daily air temperature during the period from bud open to physiological maturity of berries. It is shown, that the correlation between the duration of growing period of grapes plants and sum of active air temperature are average and high.