Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The article presents the data on ampelographic screening of vegetating seedlings of Don autochthonous grape varieties. To describe morphological features we used Method of testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability of grapevine (Vitis L.) and the OIV descriptor a descriptive guidance for encoding of ampelographic features and properties of any phenotypic individuals of grapevines. It allowed us to systematize the studied features, unify and bring them into compliance with international requirements. The article provides information about the most common grape varieties in the northern viticulture zone of the technical direction of use Denisovsky, Kaberne severnyi, Saperavi severnyi. These varieties are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use. The description of morphological features was performed when the length of the grafted grape seedling shoot was 50-70 sm. In accordance with the method, the following definitions were used: the top of a young shoot, a shoot, a young leaf, and mature leaf. Morphobiological study of the features of grafted vegetative grape seedlings was carried out in the conditions of Novocherkassk. An ampelographic description is given. It is noted that the morphological characteristics of vegetating seedlings differ significantly from the morphological characteristics of adult fruit-bearing bushes, some features differ in modification variability and depend on the growing conditions. The information obtained as a result of the research can be used for testing vine nurseries and creating pure-grade plantings.
The article presents the results of scientific research of the candidate of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and her mentors on the commercial quality and structural and mechanical properties of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The article provides a description of 3 varieties of figs grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the mechanical properties of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. Green figs. Specifications. The result is the determination of commercial quality: organoleptic indicators appearance, shape, condition of the fruit, taste, aroma, the presence of rotten, wilted, moldy, rumpled with excessive moisture berries; physical and chemical indicators size and weight, cross diameter of the fruits of three studied varieties of figs (Urozhayny, Brunsvik, Cherny Pozdny). Based on the results, it can be concluded that all the studied varieties belong to the first commercial variety, and the Brunsvik variety is a large-fruited berry. The average weight for all varieties is 68.13 g. The study of the chemical composition of fig fruits suggests that along with fresh consumption, all the studied fig fruits are valuable raw materials for canned products. Fig fruits can be used to prepare various food products preserve, compotes, jam, pastille, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.
Chrysanthemum × hortorum is an important flower-decorative culture. The collection of garden chrysanthemum of the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences is represented by 62 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, as well as more than 200 hybrids obtained at the Centre in different years. Since 2006, breeding studies have been carried out at the FRC SSC RAS, the purpose of which is to create decorative, adaptive, productive varieties with different flowering periods, unusual shapes and colors of inflorescences for universal use. Objects of research are a hybrid fund obtained from 10 combinations of inter-varietal crosses and 7 groups of hybrids from free pollination with known maternal varieties. As a result of the research, the nature of the inheritance of decorative features of the inflorescence, such as the type of calathid, the shape and color of the ray flowers, as well as the shape of the leaves, was determined. It has been established that 80 % of seedlings from the studied combinations have inflorescence color different from parent varieties. The form of ray flowers in most cases is a neoplasm. The leaf shape of most hybrid seedlings in 70 % of the studied crosses differs from the original parental plants. Hybridological analysis of the offspring made it possible to identify promising combinations of crossing, such as: ♀ 'Izetka Bernstein' × ♂ Zh-10-10, ♀ 'Izetka Bernstein' × ♂ M-187-1, ♀ 'Mona Lisa White' × ♂ M-182- 1, ♀ 'Sadko' × ♂ 'Amber', ♀ 'Amber' × ♂ 'Sadko', 'Amber' × 'Sadko', 'Symphony' × 'Tigerreg'. Varieties 'Harlequin', 'Symphony', 'Mona Lisa White', 'Izetka Bernstein', 'Sadko' were selected as sources of economically valuable traits.
Improving the assortment of stone fruit crops, including domestic plum, is carried out by various methods of varietal, interspecific hybridization, clonal selection, etc. The efficiency of the breeding process is determined by the initial parental pairs included in the crosses, whether they are donors or sources of valuable traits. In this connection, the identification of more promising for breeding involves a comprehensive assessment to identify their genetic potential, adaptability and productivity in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region where the variety testing is carried out. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of plum varieties of various ecological and geographical origin, concentrated in the NCFSCHVW plum collection, identification of source varieties of valuable traits for use in breeding and renewal of the southern assortment. In the process of variety testing, new data were obtained regarding their biological potential, the manifestation of a set of features important for a new variety: early maturity, adaptability to the most harmful diseases, productivity in the conditions of southern Russia. As a result of many years of field and laboratory studies, sources of breeding-significant traits have been identified for inclusion in hybridization and obtaining new breeding material. It has been established that plum varieties Femida, Top Hit Plus and Presenta are early maturing and in the conditions of southern gardening come into fruiting for 3 years after planting in the garden. Domestic variety Herzog showed resistance to high-temperature stress factors of the summer period. According to resistance to the diseases dominating in the region (clasterosporiasis and moniliosis), varieties Prezenta, Ozark Premier, Andromeda, Dark Sunlight were distinguished, the affection of the leaves of which did not exceed 1 point. The sources of the productivity sign are the plum varieties Olenka, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta, which form a high Yield of 20 t/ha and above with dense planting patterns. The sources of high taste qualities (4.5 points) include plum varieties August delight, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta. The selected sources of valuable traits are recommended for further breeding and renewal of the southern plum assortment.
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the leading nut crops. Brown spot Marssonina juglandis P. Magn, caused by the fungus Gnoonia leptostyla Ces. et De Not, the most common and harmful disease affecting walnut plants. The diseaseaffects mainly leaves, shoots and fruits. In wet years with heavy rainfall in the first half of summer, especially favorable conditions are created for the development of brown spotting, which leads to large yield losses, sometimes up to 50 % or more. The purpose of the study is to identify the most resistant genotypes for use in breeding based on a long-term field assessment of resistance to brown spot of walnuthybrid forms. The objects of studyare 21 promising hybrid forms of walnuts bred at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW.Control variety Rodina. The garden was planted in 2014, according to the layout of 5 × 4 m. The studies were carried out on a natural agrobackground in a selection garden in 2019-2021, in the central part of the Kuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of CJSC OPKh Tsentralnoye, Krasnodar. The degree of damage to the hybrid forms of the walnut Marssonina juglandis P. Magn was assessed using a scale from 0 to 5 points. It was revealed that Marssonina juglandis P. Magn annually causes damage to walnut plants, and the degree of disease damage depends on the prevailing weather conditions. According to long-term data, hybrid forms of walnut resistant to brown spot have been identified: 17-2-35, 17-3-10, 17-3-12, 17-3-13.17-3-16, 17-3-22, 17 -3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, the degree of damage over the years of study of which varied from 1.1 to 2.0 points; the maximum did not exceed 2.0 points. The identified forms of walnut are promising for further breeding for resistance to Marssonina juglandis P. Magn.